Investigates the relationship between radon exposure and cancer burdens across 19 Finnish regions (1990–2023).

Employs spatial panel data analysis to account for both temporal and spatial dimensions.

Reveals a significant positive association between elevated radon levels and cancer incidence and mortality.

Highlights notable regional disparities in the strength of the radon-cancer association.

Provides actionable insights for public health policies to mitigate radon-related cancer risks.

This study investigates the regional disparities in the association between radon exposure and cancer burdens in Finland using spatial panel data analysis. We analyze data from 19 Finnish regions spanning the years 1990–2023, focusing on variations in radon concentrations and their association with regional cancer incidence and mortality rates. Our approach integrates both temporal and spatial dimensions, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between radon exposure levels and cancer outcomes while accounting for regional heterogeneity and spatial dependencies. The results suggest a significant positive association between elevated radon exposure and increased cancer incidence and mortality, with notable regional differences in the strength of this effect. The findings have important implications for public health interventions and policies aimed at reducing radon exposure and mitigating its cancer-related risks in Finland and other radon-prone regions.

I12

C23

Q53

R12

R58

Radon concentration

Cancer incidence

Cancer mortality

Spatial panel data analysis

Environmental health

Public health policy

© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.