Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aimed to evaluate VTE incidence in patients with acute SCI and explore injury and management characteristics that may identify high-risk patients.

Retrospective review of consecutive patients with acute SCI ≥18 years admitted to the National Spinal Injuries Unit (NSIU) between January 2016 and December 2020 was conducted. Data were extracted from the NSIU database, internal picture archiving and communication system and hospital records. Primary outcome was VTE incidence. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify subgroups of patients based on injury level, neurological impairment and operative management. Subgroups were linked to VTE outcomes using BCH-Adjusted Proportional Assignment correction and multiple logistic regression.

1369 patients were included in the analysis. Mean age was 54 years (SD-20) with a male predominance (831/1369; 61 %). VTE incidence was 2.34 %(CI: 1.60 – 3.28)(32/1369). LCA identified three distinct subgroups: undifferentiated injury, multilevel injury, and thoracic-spine predominant injury. Significant differences in VTE rates were observed across the subgroups, with thoracic spine injury associated with the highest VTE risk. After adjustment, individuals with thoracic-spine injuries and severe neurological impairment had an almost 4-fold increase in the odds of developing VTE compared to those with other injury/management profiles.

This study highlights the importance of tailored VTE prevention strategies for patients with acute SCI based on injury and management characteristics. An individualized approached to VTE risk stratification and prevention is required in this group.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

Deep vain thrombosis (DVT)

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

Spinal cord injury (SCI)

Risk

© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.