Study population data were provided by the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program, State Center for Health Statistics. Because data from the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program contain personally identifiable information, these data cannot be released publicly. The Birth Defects Monitoring Program provides data about birth defects in North Carolina to researchers, health care providers, public health program planners, community organizations, and interested citizens. Inquires can be directed to https://schs.dph.ncdhhs.gov/units/bdmp/contacts.html.

© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.