Melotti A, Mas C, Kuciak M, Lorente‐Trigos A, Borges I, Ruiz i Altaba A. The river blindness drug I vermectin and related macrocyclic lactones inhibit WNT‐TCF pathway responses in human cancer. EMBO Mol Med. 2014;6:1263–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hussain MK, Ali R, Ahamad S, Khan MF, Saquib M Ivermectin: a potential repurposed anti‐cancer therapeutic. Chem Biol Activities Ivermectin. 2023:121–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394168033.ch6.

Heidary F, Gharebaghi R. Ivermectin: a systematic review from antiviral effects to COVID-19 complementary regimen. J Antibiot. 2020;73:593–602.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Navarro M, Camprubí D, Requena-Méndez A, Buonfrate D, Giorli G, Kamgno J, et al. Safety of high-dose ivermectin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75:827–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canga AG, Prieto AMS, Liébana MJD, Martínez NF, Vega MS, Vieitez JJG. The pharmacokinetics and interactions of ivermectin in humans—a mini-review. AAPS J. 2008;10:42–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nappi L, Aguda AH, Al Nakouzi N, Lelj-Garolla B, Beraldi E, Lallous N, et al. Ivermectin inhibits HSP27 and potentiates efficacy of oncogene targeting in tumor models. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:699–714.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martin RJ, Robertson AP, Choudhary S Ivermectin: an anthelmintic, an insecticide, and much more. Trends Parasitol. 2021;37:48–64.

Dominguez‑Gomez G, Chavez‑Blanco A, Medina‑Franco JL, Saldivar‑Gonzalez F, Flores‑Torrontegui Y, Juarez M, et al. Ivermectin as an inhibitor of cancer stem‑like cells. Molecular medicine reports. Mol. Med. Rep. 2018;17:3397–403.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Edwards G. Ivermectin: does P-glycoprotein play a role in neurotoxicity? Filaria J. 2003;2:1–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Didier A, Loor F. The abamectin derivative ivermectin is a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1996;7:745–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao A, Wang X, Xiang W, Liang H, Gao J, Yan Y. Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro by doramectin and nemadectin. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;62:393–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Afshari AR, Mollazadeh H, Mohtashami E, Soltani A, Soukhtanloo M, Hosseini A, et al. Protective role of natural products in glioblastoma multiforme: a focus on nitric oxide pathway. Curr Med Chem. 2021;28:377–400.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohtashami E, Shafaei-Bajestani N, Mollazadeh H, Mousavi SH, Jalili-Nik M, Sahebkar A, et al. The current state of potential therapeutic modalities for glioblastoma multiforme: a clinical review. Curr Drug Metab. 2020;21:564–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maghrouni A, Givari M, Jalili-Nik M, Mollazadeh H, Bibak B, Sadeghi MM, et al. Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in glioblastoma multiforme: Preclinical evidence and clinical interventions. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;93:107403.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jalili-Nik M, Afshari AR, Mahboobnia K, Guest PC, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Analysis of cytotoxic effects of zerumbone in malignant glioblastoma cells. Phys Exerc Nat Synth Products Health Disease: Springer; 2022;2343:361–369.

Bibak B, Shakeri F, Keshavarzi Z, Mollazadeh H, Javid H, Jalili-Nik M, et al. Anticancer mechanisms of Berberine: a good choice for glioblastoma multiforme therapy. Curr Med Chem. 2022;29:4507–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ortiz R, Perazzoli G, Cabeza L, Jiménez-Luna C, Luque R, Prados J, et al. Temozolomide: an updated overview of resistance mechanisms, nanotechnology advances and clinical applications. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021;19:513–37.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu W-C, Xie H, Yuan C, Li J-J, Li Z-Y, Wu A-H. Identification of potential biomarkers and candidate small molecule drugs in glioblastoma. Cancer Cell Int. 2020;20:419.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ji D, Luo Z-W, Ovcjak A, Alanazi R, Bao M-H, Feng Z-P, et al. Role of TRPM2 in brain tumours and potential as a drug target. Acta Pharmacologica Sin. 2022;43:759–70.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Xu S, Jiang H, Zhang P. To explore the mechanism and experimental verification of brucine inhibition of glioblastoma based on network pharmacology. Int J Pharmacol. 2024;20:1087–97.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Damani M, Nilawar N, Momin M, Ningthoujham RS, Khan T. Nanoparticles assisted drug delivery for effective management of Glioblastoma. Nanotechnol. 2025;7:100137.

Google Scholar 

Wang H, Hu Y, Chu Z, Luo Y, Feng X, Ou S, et al. Inhibitory effect of antitumor activity extract from the celastrus orbiculatus thunb on human glioblastoma. Int J Pharmacol. 2023;19:758–68.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vermeulen K, Van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN. The cell cycle: a review of regulation, deregulation and therapeutic targets in cancer. Cell Prolif. 2003;36:131–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang P, Zhang Y, Liu K, Liu B, Xu W, Gao J, et al. Ivermectin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of HeLa cells via mitochondrial pathway. Cell Prolif. 2019;52:e12543.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

King K, Cidlowski J. Cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Annu Rev Physiol. 1998;60:601–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burz C, Berindan-Neagoe I, Balacescu O, Irimie A. Apoptosis in cancer: key molecular signaling pathways and therapy targets. Acta Oncol (Madr). 2009;48:811–21.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS. Targeting apoptosis in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020;17:395–417.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Intuyod K, Hahnvajanawong C, Pinlaor P, Pinlaor S. Anti-parasitic drug ivermectin exhibits potent anticancer activity against gemcitabine-resistant cholangiocarcinoma in vitro. Anticancer Res. 2019;39:4837–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Qin T, Zhu Z, Hong F, Xu Y, Zhang X, et al. Ivermectin augments the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of cisplatin in epithelial ovarian cancer by suppressing Akt/mTOR signaling. Am J Med Sci. 2020;359:123–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Juarez M, Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Dominguez-Gomez G, Chavez-Blanco A, Diaz-Chavez J, Duenas-Gonzalez A. Antitumor effects of ivermectin at clinically feasible concentrations support its clinical development as a repositioned cancer drug. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2020;85:1153–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diao H, Cheng N, Zhao Y, Xu H, Dong H, Thamm DH, et al. Ivermectin inhibits canine mammary tumor growth by regulating cell cycle progression and WNT signaling. BMC Veterinary Res. 2019;15:1–10.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Burke PJ. Mitochondria, bioenergetics and apoptosis in cancer. Trends Cancer. 2017;3:857–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Proud CG. The multifaceted role of mTOR in cellular stress responses. DNA Repair (Amst). 2004;3:927–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou S, Wu H, Ning W, Wu X, Xu X, Ma Y, et al. Ivermectin has new application in inhibiting colorectal cancer cell growth. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:717529.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Xu Y, Wan H, Hu J. Antibiotic ivermectin selectively induces apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;497:241–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed