IDF Diabetes Atlas. tenth ed. International Diabetes Federation; 2021. Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org/ [Assessed 18 July 2022].

Pradeepa R, Mohan V. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(11):2932–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Liu Y, Liu S, Gao M, Wang W, Chen K, et al. Diabetic vascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):152.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Laakso M. Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes from population to man to mechanisms: the Kelly West award lecture 2008. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(2):442–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuan D, Jiang P, Zhu P, Jia S, Zhang C, Liu Y, et al. Prognostic value of fibrinogen in patients with coronary artery disease and prediabetes or diabetes following percutaneous coronary intervention: 5-year findings from a large cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):143.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dhawale S, Jayant S, Gupta A. Serum fibrinogen level in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Int J Adv Med. 2016;3:83–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Surma S, Banach M. Fibrinogen and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases—review of the literature and clinical studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(1):193.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barazzoni R, Kiwanuka E, Zanetti M, Cristini M, Vettore M, Tessari P. Insulin acutely increases fibrinogen production in individuals with type 2 diabetes but not in individuals without diabetes. Diabetes. 2003;52(7):1851–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S20-S42.

Meijer JWG, Smit AJ, Sonderen EV, Groothoff JW, Eisma WH, Links TP. Symptom scoring systems to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetes: the diabetic neuropathy symptom score. Diabet Med. 2002;19(11):962–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toora BD, Rajagopal G. Measurement of creatinine by Jaffe’s reaction-determination of concentration of sodium hydroxide required for maximum color development in standard, urine and protein free filtrate of serum. Indian J Exp Biol. 2002;40(3):352–4.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang Y, Castro AF, Feldman HI, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Demirci H, Erdamar H, Karakoc A, Toruner FB, Ozturk MA, Yetkin I, et al. Association between serum fibrinogen levels and diabetic microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinologist. 2007;17(6):306–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Madan R, Gupt B, Saluja S, Kansra UC, Tripathi BK, Guliani BP. Coagulation profile in diabetes and its association with diabetic microvascular complications. J Assoc Physicians India. 2010;58:481–4.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Majeed A, Rashid S, Rashid A, Maqbool R, Ahmad M, Rashid W, et al. Serum fibrinogen levels and its relation to diabetic retinopathy. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2015;4(95):16036–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bruno G, Cavallo-Perin P, Bargero G, Borra M, D’Errico N, Pagano G. Association of fibrinogen with glycemic control and albumin excretion rate in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(8):653–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agarwal C, Bansal K, Pujani M, Singh K, Chauhan V, Rana D, et al. Association of coagulation profile with microvascular complications and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus – a study at a tertiary care center in Delhi. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2019;41(1):31–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang R, Li H, Han Q, Wu Y, et al. Serum fibrinogen predicts diabetic ESRD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;141:1–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ravi KR, Harshavardhan L. Fibrinogen levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus and it’s correlation with microvascular microvascular complications. J Assoc Physicians India. 2022;70(4):11–2.

Google Scholar 

Wilhelmsen L, Svärdsudd K, Korsan-Bengtsen K, Larsson B, Welin L, Tibblin G. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1984;311(8):501–5.

Meade TW, Brozovic M, Chakrabarti RR, Haines AP, Imeson JD, Mellows S, et al. Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet. 1986;2(8506):533–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Razak MKA, Sultan AA. The importance of measurement of plasma fibrinogen level among patients with type- 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019Mar 1;13(2):1151–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asakawa H, Tokunaga K, Kawakami F. Elevation of fibrinogen and thrombin–antithrombin III complex levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with retinopathy and nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2000;14(3):121–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hamidullah, Ahmad I, Ashraf, Ali M, Hussain M, Zakirullah. Correlation between plasma fibrinogen levels and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc. 2024;74(8):1441–8.

Zhuang Y, Lin X, Chen X, Wu X, Zhang J. Fibrinogen function indexes are potential biomarkers of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14(1):1–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tessari P, Kiwanuka E, Barazzoni R, Vettore M, Zanetti M. Diabetic nephropathy is associated with increased albumin and fibrinogen production in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2006;49(8):1955–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vilar R, Fish RJ, Casini A, Neerman-Arbez M. Fibrin(ogen) in human disease: both friend and foe. Haematologica. 2020;105(2):284–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lominadze D, Dean WL, Tyagi SC, Roberts AM. Mechanisms of fibrinogen-induced microvascular dysfunction during cardiovascular disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2010;198(1):1–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gu WL, Li ZH, Zhang SQ, Ao P, Zhu XB, Zhao X, Zhang XY, Zhang DF, Huang XJ, Jiang Y, Wei L. Role of fibrinogen in type-2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic neuropathy and its preliminary mechanism. Protein Pept Lett. 2023;30(6):486–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun J, Liu C. Correlation of vascular endothelial function and coagulation factors with renal function and inflammatory factors in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Exp Ther Med. 2018Nov;16(5):4167–71.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mir AM, Rashid S, Rashid A, Maqbool R, Ahmad M, Rashid W, et al. Serum fibrinogen levels and its relation to diabetic retinopathy. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2015;4(95):16036–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bembde AS. A study of plasma fibrinogen level in type-2 diabetes mellitus and its relation to glycemic control. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2012;28(2):105–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alam AA, Mitwalli AH, Al-Wakeel JS, Chaudhary AR, Phil M, Zebaid MA. Plasma fibrinogen and its correlates in adult Saudi population. Saudi Med J. 2004;25(11):1593–602.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fujii C, Sakakibara H, Kondo T, Yatsuya H, T Tamakoshi K, Toyoshima H. Plasma fibrinogen levels and cardiovascular risk factors in Japanese school children. J Epidemiol. 2006;16(2):64–70.

Hong LF, Li XL, Luo SH, Guo YL, Zhu CG, Qing P, et al. Association of fibrinogen with severity of stable coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus. Dis Markers. 2014;2014: 485687.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Emanuele N, Azad N, Abraira C, Henderson W, Colwell J, Levin S, et al. Effect of intensive glycemic control on fibrinogen, lipids, and lipoproteins: veterans affairs cooperative study in type II diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(22):2485–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cigolini M, Targher G, De SG, Muggeo M, Seidell JC. Plasma fibrinogen in relation to serum insulin, smoking habits and adipose tissue fatty acids in healthy men. Eur J Clin Invest. 1994;24(2):126–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ceriello A, Giacomello R, Stel G, Motz E, Taboga C, Tonutti L, et al. Hyperglycemia-induced thrombin formation in diabetes: the possible role of oxidative stress. Diabetes. 1995;44(8):924–8.