Caner, A. Immune escape mechanism of cancer. Curr. Mol. Biol. Rep. 10, 9–19 (2024).
Li, Y. et al. Immune cycle-based strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2107540 (2021).
Dutta, S. et al. Targets of immune escape mechanisms in cancer: basis for development and evolution of cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors. Biology 12, 218 (2023).
Messerschmidt, J. L., Prendergast, G. C. & Messerschmidt, G. L. How cancers escape immune destruction and mechanisms of action for the new significantly active immune therapies: helping nonimmunologists decipher recent advances. Oncologist 21, 233–243 (2016).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
O’Connell, P. Uncovering mechanisms underlying complement-mediated cancer immune evasion. Mol. Ther. 32, 277–278 (2024).
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim, S. K. & Cho, S. W. The evasion mechanisms of cancer immunity and drug intervention in the tumor microenvironment. Front. Pharmacol. 13, 868695 (2022).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Martinez-Castillo, M. et al. An overview of the immune modulatory properties of long non-coding RNAs and their potential use as therapeutic targets in cancer. Noncoding RNA 9, 70 (2023).
Xu, X. et al. Immunology and immunotherapy in gastric cancer. Clin. Exp. Med. 23, 3189–3204 (2023).
Greten, T. F. et al. Immunology and immunotherapy of cholangiocarcinoma. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20, 349–365 (2023).
Edwards, S. C., Hoevenaar, W. H. M. & Coffelt, S. B. Emerging immunotherapies for metastasis. Br. J. Cancer 124, 37–48 (2021).
Wu, X. et al. Targeting MHC-I molecules for cancer: function, mechanism, and therapeutic prospects. Mol. Cancer 22, 194 (2023).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Riegel, K. et al. ERK5 modulates IL-6 secretion and contributes to tumor-induced immune suppression. Cell Death Dis. 12, 969 (2021).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
O’Donnell, K. M. et al. Disruption of Gαs/cAMP-mediated acid sensing by breast tumor cells blunts tumor-induced immune suppression and decreases bone metastases by enhancing cytotoxic T cell function. Cancer Res. 85, 1212–1212 (2025).
Shimizu, K. et al. Immune suppression and reversal of the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Int. Immunol. 30, 445–455 (2018).
Rogovskii, V. Tumor-produced immune regulatory factors as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Front. Immunol. 15, 1416458 (2024).
Gurusamy, D., Clever, D., Eil, R. & Restifo, N. P. Novel “elements” of immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol. Res. 5, 426–433 (2017).
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Batlle, E. & Massagué, J. Transforming growth factor-β signaling in immunity and cancer. Immunity 50, 924–940 (2019).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Briukhovetska, D. et al. Interleukins in cancer: from biology to therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 21, 481–499 (2021).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Goel, H. L. & Mercurio, A. M. VEGF targets the tumour cell. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13, 871–882 (2013).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Barbera-Guillem, E. et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by tumor-infiltrating macrophages essentially supports tumor angiogenesis, and IgG immune complexes potentiate the process. Cancer Res. 62, 7042–7049 (2002).
Pan, B. et al. TGF-β-p-STAT1-LAIR2 axis has a “self-rescue” role for exhausted CD8+ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Oncol. 46, 1625–1644 (2023).
Thomas, D. A. & Massagué, J. TGF-beta directly targets cytotoxic T cell functions during tumor evasion of immune surveillance. Cancer Cell 8, 369–380 (2005).
Viel, S. et al. TGF-β inhibits the activation and functions of NK cells by repressing the mTOR pathway. Sci. Signal. 9, ra19–ra19 (2016).
Choi, S. H. et al. Nano-chemical priming strategy to enhance TGF-β resistance and anti-tumor activity of natural killer cells. J. Control Release 367, 768–778 (2024).
Wang, J., Zhao, X. & Wan, Y. Y. Intricacies of TGF-β signaling in Treg and Th17 cell biology. Cell Mol. Immunol. 20, 1002–1022 (2023).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tran, D. Q. TGF-β: the sword, the wand, and the shield of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. J. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 29–37 (2012).
Sullivan, K. M. et al. Blockade of interleukin 10 potentiates antitumour immune function in human colorectal cancer liver metastases. Gut 72, 325 (2023).
Oft, M. IL-10: master switch from tumor-promoting inflammation to antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2, 194–199 (2014).
Littwitz-Salomon, E., Malyshkina, A., Schimmer, S. & Dittmer, U. The cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells is suppressed by IL-10+ regulatory T cells during acute retroviral infection. Front. Immunol. 9, 1947 (2018).
Guo, Y. et al. Metabolic reprogramming of terminally exhausted CD8+ T cells by IL-10 enhances anti-tumor immunity. Nat. Immunol. 22, 746–756 (2021).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rivas, J. R. et al. Interleukin-10 suppression enhances T-cell antitumor immunity and responses to checkpoint blockade in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 35, 3188–3200 (2021).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mimura, K. et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits the function of human mature dendritic cells mediated by VEGF receptor-2. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 56, 761–770 (2007).
Oussa, N. A. E. et al. VEGF requires the receptor NRP-1 to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-dependent dendritic cell maturation. J. Immunol. 197, 3927–3935 (2016).
Aguiar, R. B. d. & Moraes, J. Z. d. Exploring the immunological mechanisms underlying the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor activity in tumors. Front. Immunol. 10, 1023 (2019).
Iglesias-Escudero, M., Arias-González, N. & Martínez-Cáceres, E. Regulatory cells and the effect of cancer immunotherapy. Mol. Cancer 22, 26 (2023).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Li, Y. et al. Potential anti-tumor effects of regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment: a review. J. Transl. Med. 22, 293 (2024).
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Groth, C. et al. Immunosuppression mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during tumour progression. Br. J. Cancer 120, 16–25 (2019).
Gabrilovich, D. I. & Nagaraj, S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 162–174 (2009).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Li, X. et al. Targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells to enhance the antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Front. Immunol. 12, 754196 (2021).
Zheng, Y. et al. Metabolic gatekeepers: harnessing tumor-derived metabolites to optimize T cell-based immunotherapy efficacy in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Death Dis. 15, 775 (2024).
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sangsuwan, R. et al. Lactate exposure promotes immunosuppressive phenotypes in innate immune cells. Cell Mol. Bioeng. 13, 541–557 (2020).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hayes, C., Donohoe, C. L., Davern, M. & Donlon, N. E. The oncogenic and clinical implications of lactate induced immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment. Cancer Lett. 500, 75–86 (2021).
Fischer, K. et al. Inhibitory effect of tumor cell–derived lactic acid on human T cells. Blood 109, 3812–3819 (2007).
Wu, H. et al. T-cells produce acidic niches in lymph nodes to suppress their own effector functions. Nat. Commun. 11, 4113 (2020).
Comments (0)