Lucas JW, Sohi I. Chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain in U.S. adults, 2023. NCHS Data Brief, No. 518. Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics; 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db518.pdf. Accessed 12/4/2024.

Rikard SM, Strahan AE, Schmit KM, Guy GP Jr. Chronic pain among adults - United States, 2019–2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:379–85. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7215a1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manchikanti L, Kaye AM, Knezevic NN, et al. Comprehensive, evidence-based, consensus guidelines for prescription of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain from the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP). Pain Physician. 2023;26:S7-126.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manchikanti L, Sanapati MR, Soin A, et al. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for implantable peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) in the management of chronic pain: from the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP). Pain Physician. 2024;27:S115–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Hecke O, Austin SK, Khan RA, Smith BH, Torrance N. Neuropathic pain in the general population: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Pain. 2014;155:654–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). Pain Terms. https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/. Accessed 7/17/2024.

Scholz J, Finnerup NB, Attal N, et al; Classification Committee of the Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group (NeuPSIG). The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic neuropathic pain. Pain. 2019;160:53–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001365.

Liedgens H, Obradovic M, De Courcy J, Holbrook T, Jakubanis R. A burden of illness study for neuropathic pain in Europe. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2016;8:113–26. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S81396.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li AH, Bhatia A, Gulati A, Ottestad E. Role of peripheral nerve stimulation in treating chronic neuropathic pain: an international focused survey of pain medicine experts. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2023;48:312–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2022-104073corr1. (Erratum in: Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2023;48:e1).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sadosky A, Schaefer C, Mann R, et al. Economic burden of neuropathic pain in the United States: BEAT neuropathic pain observational study. J Pain. 2013;14:S13. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S44939.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wall PD, Sweet WH. Temporary abolition of pain in man. Science. 1967;155:108–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.155.3758.108.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shelden CH, Pudenz RH, Doyle J. Electrical control of facial pain. Am J Surg. 1967;114:209–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(67)90374-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Slavin KV. History of peripheral nerve stimulation. Prog Neurol Surg. 2011;24:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1159/000323002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abd-Elsayed A, Trescot AM. Peripheral nerve stimulation: a comprehensive guide. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2023.

Google Scholar 

Slavin KV, Carayannopoulos AG, Plazier M, Vanneste S, De Ridder D. Peripheral nerve stimulation. In: Knotkova H, Rasche D, editors. Textbook of neuromodulation. New York: Springer; 2015. p. 19–33.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Abd-Elsayed A, D’Souza RS. Peripheral nerve stimulation: the evolution in pain medicine. Biomedicines. 2021;10:18. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010018.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fontaine D. Spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2021;177:838–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2021.07.014.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barad M, Ailani J, Hakim SM, Kissoon NR, Schuster NM. Percutaneous interventional strategies for migraine prevention: a systematic review and practice guideline. Pain Med. 2022;23:164–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab236.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deer TR, Esposito MF, McRoberts WP, et al. A systematic literature review of peripheral nerve stimulation therapies for the treatment of pain. Pain Med. 2020;21:1590–603. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa030.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Char S, Jin MY, Francio VT, et al. Implantable peripheral nerve stimulation for peripheral neuropathic pain: a systematic review of prospective studies. Biomedicines. 2022;10:2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102606.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Helm S, Shirsat N, Calodney A, et al. Peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain: a systematic review of effectiveness and safety. Pain Ther. 2021;10:985–1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-021-00306-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu J, Sun Z, Wu J, et al. Peripheral nerve stimulation in pain management: a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2021;24:E131–52.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amirianfar E, Rosales R, Logan A, Doshi TL, Reynolds J, Price C. Peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic knee pain following total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. Pain Manag. 2023;13:667–76. https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2023-0057.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Souza RS, Jin MY, Abd-Elsayed A. Peripheral nerve stimulation for low back pain: a systematic review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2023;27:117–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-023-01109-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parikh S, Echevarria AC, Cemenski BR, Small T. The relevance of implanted percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in orthopedics surgery: a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2024;13:3699. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133699.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Strand N, D’Souza RS, Hagedorn JM, et al. Evidence-based clinical guidelines from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience for the use of implantable peripheral nerve stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain. J Pain Res. 2022;15:2483–504. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S362204.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Párraga JP, Castellanos A. A manifesto in defense of pain complexity: a critical review of essential insights in pain neuroscience. J Clin Med. 2023;12:7080. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12227080.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gangadharan V, Kuner R. Pain hypersensitivity mechanisms at a glance. Dis Model Mech. 2013;6:889–95. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.011502.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. 2011;152:S2-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woolf CJ. Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity. Nature. 1983;306:686–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/306686a0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guzzi G, Della Torre A, Bruni A, et al. Anatomo-physiological basis and applied techniques of electrical neuromodulation in chronic pain. J Anesth Analg Crit Care. 2024;4:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44158-024-00167-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nijs J, George SZ, Clauw DJ, et al. Central sensitisation in chronic pain conditions: latest discoveries and their potential for precision medicine. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021;3:e383–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00032-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang BW, Dong H, Wu Z, Jiang X, Zou W. An overview of the mechanisms involved in neuralgia. J Inflamm Res. 2023;16:4087–101. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S425966.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gold MS, Gebhart GF. Nociceptor sensitization in pain pathogenesis. Nat Med. 2010;16:1248–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2235.