NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2024;403:1027–50.
Perdomo CM, Landecho MF, Valentí V, Moncada R, Frühbeck G. Clinical perspectives, eligibility, and success criteria for bariatric/metabolic surgery. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1460:677–95.
Samms RJ, Kusminski CM. A mechanistic rationale for incretin-based therapeutics in the management of obesity. Annu Rev Physiol. 2025;87:279–99.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Larsen PJ, Tang-Christensen M, Holst JJ, Orskov C. Distribution of glucagon-like peptide-1 and other preproglucagon-derived peptides in the rat hypothalamus and brainstem. Neuroscience. 1997;77:257–70.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Campbell SA, Golec DP, Hubert M, Johnson J, Salamon N, Barr A, et al. Human Islets contain a subpopulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secreting α cells that is increased in type 2 diabetes. Mol Metab. 2020;39:101014.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Ayala JE, Bracy DP, James FD, Julien BM, Wasserman DH, Drucker DJ. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor regulates endogenous glucose production and muscle glucose uptake independent of its incretin action. Endocrinology. 2009;150:1155–64.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Holst JJ. GLP-1 physiology in obesity and development of incretin-based drugs for chronic weight management. Nat Metab. 2024;6:1866–85.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Nogueiras R, Nauck MA, Tschöp MH. Gut hormone co-agonists for the treatment of obesity: from bench to bedside. Nat Metab. 2023;5:933–44.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Hammoud R, Drucker DJ. Beyond the pancreas: contrasting cardiometabolic actions of GIP and GLP1. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023;19:201–16.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Müller TD, Adriaenssens A, Ahrén B, Blüher M, Birkenfeld AL, Campbell JE, et al. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Mol Metab. 2025;95:102118.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mayendraraj A, Rosenkilde MM, Gasbjerg LS. GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling in beta cells - A review of receptor interactions and co-stimulation. Peptides (NY). 2022;151:170749.
Drucker DJ. Biologic actions and therapeutic potential of the proglucagon-derived peptides. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2005;1:22–31.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Hædersdal S, Andersen A, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. Revisiting the role of glucagon in health, diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023;19:321–35.
Jonderko G, Jonderko K, Gołab T. Effect of glucagon on gastric emptying and on postprandial gastrin and insulin release in man. Mater Med Pol. 1989;21:92–6.
Al-Massadi O, Fernø J, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R, Quiñones M. Glucagon control on food intake and energy balance. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:3905.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Kleinert M, Sachs S, Habegger KM, Hofmann SM, Müller TD. Glucagon regulation of energy expenditure. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:5407.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Hagberg CE, Spalding KL. White adipocyte dysfunction and obesity-associated pathologies in humans. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2024;25:270–89.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Giralt M, Cereijo R, Villarroya F. Adipokines and the endocrine role of adipose tissues. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2016;233:265–82.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Campbell JE, Müller TD, Finan B, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH, D’Alessio DA. GIPR/GLP-1R dual agonist therapies for diabetes and weight loss-chemistry, physiology, and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2023;35:1519–29.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Lingvay I, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:989–1002.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Ryan DH, Lingvay I, Deanfield J, Kahn SE, Barros E, Burguera B, et al. Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Nat Med. 2024;30:2049–57.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Turton MD, O’Shea D, Gunn I, Beak SA, Edwards CM, Meeran K, et al. A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding. Nature. 1996;379:69–72.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Varin EM, Mulvihill EE, Baggio LL, Koehler JA, Cao X, Seeley RJ, et al. Distinct neural sites of GLP-1R expression mediate physiological versus Pharmacological control of incretin action. Cell Rep. 2019;27:3371–84.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Argyrakopoulou G, Gitsi E, Konstantinidou SK, Kokkinos A. The effect of obesity pharmacotherapy on body composition, including muscle mass. Int J Obes (Lond). 2025;49:381–7.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Van Gaal LF, McGowan BM, Rosenstock J, et al. Impact of semaglutide on body composition in adults with overweight or obesity: exploratory analysis of the STEP 1 study. J Endocr Soc. 2021;5: A16–7.
Akoumianakis I, Zagaliotis A, Konstantaraki M, Filippatos TD. GLP-1 analogs and regional adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2023;24: e13574.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Neeland IJ, Marso SP, Ayers CR, Lewis B, Oslica R, Francis W, et al. Effects of liraglutide on visceral and ectopic fat in adults with overweight and obesity at high cardiovascular risk: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:595–605.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Zhao L, Zhu C, Lu M, Chen C, Nie X, Abudukerimu B, et al. The key role of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in body fat redistribution. J Endocrinol. 2019;240:271–86.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Kissebah AH, Krakower GR. Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev. 1994;74:761–811.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
O’Donnell C, Ryan O, Hogan AE, Killick D, Crilly S, Dodd JD, et al. GLP-1 therapy increases visceral adipose tissue metabolic activity: lessons from a randomized controlled trial in obstructive sleep apnea. Obes (Silver Spring). 2024;32:2077–81.
Pastel E, McCulloch LJ, Ward R, Joshi S, Gooding KM, Shore AC, et al. GLP-1 analogue-induced weight loss does not improve obesity-induced AT dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond). 2017;131:343–53.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Simental-Mendía LE, Sánchez-García A, Linden-Torres E, Simental-Mendía M. Impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on adiponectin concentrations: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;87:4140–9.
Comments (0)