Arn Migowski: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Conceptualization.

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Arn Migowski is the Principal Investigator of a lung cancer screening implementation study at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute, which is a investigator-initiated stud, in which he has responsibility for the research conception, design and the lead in conducting it without interference from the sponsor (AstraZeneca) in the study design, analysis,

None.

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

© 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd.