Available online 13 December 2025

Titanium debris diminished the rabbit’s bone defect closure.

Dexamethasone-doped nanoparticles raised the osteogenic potential in the bone defect.

Dexamethasone-doped nanoparticles favored the formation of bone bridging processes.

Implantoplasty is sometimes performed to eliminate the contaminated titanium surface of peri-implantitis affected implants. Bone regeneration treatments are performed in conjuction with implantoplasty. The aim of this study was to evaluate if produced titanium debris alter the bone-regeneration potential and if dexamethasone-doped polymeric nanoparticles, combined with calcium phosphate, may help to overcome this situation.

Four critical bone defects were performed on six New Zealand-bred rabbit skulls. In each of the four bone defects, the following biomaterials were placed: 1) unfilled (control), 2) calcium phosphate granules (CaP), 3) titanium debris (Tid) and CaP, 4) dexamethasone-doped polymeric nanoparticles (DexNPs) doped onto CaP and Tid. After six weeks, animals were euthanized and the bone architecture was evaluated radiographically with micro computed tomography through BoneJ pluging and ImageJ script, and histologically after Von Kossa staining.

Bone defects filled with CaP plus Tid showed lower defect closure than those filled with CaP. The presence of DexNPs restored the defect closure values, being similar to those of the CaP group. Bone filling area and bone area fraction attained the highest values in the presence of DexNPs. Aligned new bone islands were formed and grew up around the CaP granules, infiltrating its porous structure. In the CaP+Tid group a lower bone ingrowth was formed. When applying DexNPs, bone bridging processes were located surrounding the CaP biomaterial.

The presence of Tid reduces the bone healing and DexNPs doped on CaP produced an increase in the osteogenic potential, improving the bone defect closure.

Bone regeneration

Implantoplasty

Titanium

Periimplantitis

Calcium phosphate

Dexamethasone

© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Academy of Dental Materials.