The purpose of this study was to review the existing literature on imposter phenomenon (IP) among residents in surgical specialties to determine its prevalence, examine differences across demographics (e.g., gender, race, age, year in training), and explore its qualitative effects on mental health and wellbeing.

This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Eligible sources included peer-reviewed articles, conference abstracts, and commentaries; systematic reviews were excluded. Literature searches were conducted in APA PsychINFO, Embase, the AAMC’s MedEdPortal, PubMed, and Web of Science Core Collection using keywords related to IP and surgical trainees. The literature search was performed in October 2024 and updated in May 2025. Screening and full-text review were performed independently and in duplicate using Covidence, with discrepancies resolved by consensus.

Various academic and clinical training environments within the U.S.

Study participants were surgical residents in U.S.-based training programs. Inclusion criteria required that studies report on either the prevalence or psychological effects of IP among surgical residents.

Of the 3249 studies identified, 2346 titles and abstracts were screened, and 46 full-text articles reviewed. Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria. IP was highly prevalent among surgical residents, with women residents reporting higher rates. Identified associations included burnout (2 studies), anxiety (2), emotional exhaustion (1), lower self-compassion (1), and suicidal ideation (1). Several studies recommended strategies to mitigate IP, such as mentorship, coaching, inclusive environments, and education especially for high-risk groups such as women and underrepresented residents.

IP is highly prevalent among surgical residents and associated with adverse mental health outcomes. Targeted interventions such as mentorship, coaching, and culturally responsive support are needed to address the psychological burden of IP and promote wellbeing in surgical residents.