Available online 29 December 2025, 104765

Established protocols enable avian helminth EV research and applications.

24 h culture gave best yield and uptake of A. galli derived EVs.

EV uptake varies by worm sex: females peak at 24 h, males at 40 h.

EV uptake rose from 4 h to 24 h in multiple chicken immune cell types.

Ascaridia galli (A. galli), a parasitic roundworm that infects chickens poses an economic burden in poultry farming, as it causes ascaridiosis—a disease leading to reduced growth, lower egg production, and immunosuppression. Recently, interest has grown in the parasite’s extracellular vesicles (EVs), as they modulate host immune responses and play a key role in host-pathogen interactions. This study aimed to optimize in vitro EV-production from A. galli and assess their uptake by chicken immune cells important for EV mediated host-pathogen communication. Adult worms were collected from infected chickens, sex-sorted, washed, and cultured in vitro. EVs were isolated at various time points using size exclusion chromatography and characterized. DiO-stained EVs were evaluated for uptake into chicken intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood leukocytes using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy after 4 and 24 h incubation with the parasite derived vesicles. EV-uptake increased significantly from 4 h to 24 h across all tested cell types. Female-derived EVs collected after 24 h of worm culture gave rise to higher uptake than male-derived EVs. However, at the 40 h time point, male EVs gave rise to greater uptake, though overall EV internalization was reduced compared to the 24 h time point. Uptake efficiency varied depending on the EV collection time as well as the host cell type. These findings suggest that both the sex of the worm and the duration of culture influence EV uptake, with 24 h emerging as the optimal in vitro culture duration for production of A. galli derived EVs with potent biological functions. The sex-specific differences highlight potential functional diversity in EV mediated host-pathogen interactions, which need to be assessed in future studies.

Nematode

Nanoparticles

EVs

Avian immune cells

Confocal microscopy

Flow cytometry

© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.