Clinical Correlates of Major Depression in Psychiatrically Referred Youth With and Without Autism: A Controlled Study

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior Checklist/4–18 and the 1991 profile. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.

Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Fried, R., Wozniak, J., Micco, J. A., Henin, A., ... & Faraone, S. V. (2010). Child behavior checklist clinical scales discriminate referred youth with autism spectrum disorder: A preliminary study. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 31(6), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181e56ddd

Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Day, H., Goldin, R. L., Spencer, T., Faraone, S. V., ... & Wozniak, J. (2012b). Severity of the aggression/anxiety-depression/attention child behavior checklist profile discriminates between different levels of deficits in emotional regulation in youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(3), 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182475267

Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., Petty, C., Hyder, L. L., O’Connor, K. B., Surman, C. B., & Faraone, S. V. (2012a). Longitudinal course of deficient emotional self-regulation CBCL profile in youth with ADHD: prospective controlled study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S29670

Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. F. (2016). The association between social responsivity and depression in High-Functioning boys with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 28(2), 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-015-9470-0

Article  Google Scholar 

Constantino, J. N., Davis, S. A., Todd, R. D., Schindler, M. K., Gross, M. M., Brophy, S. L., Metzger, L. M., Shoushtari, C. S., Splinter, R., & Reich, W. (2003). Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: Comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(4), 427–433. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve &db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12959421.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeFilippis, M. (2018). Depression in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Children, 5(9), 112. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/5/9/112

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De-la-Iglesia, M., & Olivar, J. S. (2015). Risk factors for depression in children and adolescents with high functioning autism spectrum disorders. The Scientific World Journal, 2015(1), 127853. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/127853

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Estes, A., Rivera, V., Bryan, M., Cali, P., & Dawson, G. (2011). Discrepancies between academic achievement and intellectual ability in Higher-Functioning School-Aged children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 1044–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1127-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghaziuddin, M., Ghaziuddin, N., & Greden, J. (2002). Depression in persons with autism: Implications for research and clinical care. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 299–306. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12199134/

Gotham, K., Unruh, K., & Lord, C. (2015). Depression and its measurement in verbal adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 19(4), 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314536625

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haigh, S. M., Walsh, J. A., Mazefsky, C. A., et al. (2018). Processing Speed is Impaired in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Relates to Social Communication Abilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 2653–2662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3515-z

Hall, R. (1995). Global assessment of functioning. A modified scale. Psychosomatics, 36(3), 267–275.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four Factor Index of Social Status. Yale Press.

Google Scholar 

Hudson, C. C., Hall, L., & Harkness, K. L. (2019). Prevalence of depressive disorders in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(1), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0402-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joshi, G., Petty, C. R., Fried, R., Wozniak, J., Micco, J. A., Henin, A., Doyle, R., Galdo, M., Kotarski, M., Caruso, J., Meller, B., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2011). Discriminant and concurrent validity of a simplified DSM-based structured diagnostic instrument for the assessment of autism spectrum disorders in youth and young adults. Bmc Psychiatry, 11(1), 204. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-11-204

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joshi, G., Petty, C., Wozniak, J., Henin, A., Fried, R., Galdo, M., Kotarski, M., Walls, S., & Biederman, J. (2010). The heavy burden of psychiatric comorbidity in youth with autism spectrum disorders: A large comparative study of a psychiatrically referred population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(11), 1361–1370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0996-9

Joshi, G., Wozniak, J., Petty, C., Martelon, M. K., Fried, R., Bolfek, A., Kotte, A., Stevens, J., Furtak, S. L., Bourgeois, M., Caruso, J., Caron, A., & Biederman, J. (2013). Psychiatric comorbidity and functioning in a clinically referred population of adults with autism spectrum disorders: A comparative study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(6), 1314–1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1679-5

Joshi, G., Wozniak, J., Fitzgerald, M., Faraone, S., Fried, R., Galdo, M., Furtak, S. L., Conroy, K., Kilcullen, J. R., Belser, A., & Biederman, J. (2018). High risk for severe emotional dysregulation in psychiatrically referred youth with autism spectrum disorder: A controlled study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3542-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keen, D., Webster, A., & Ridley, G. (2016). How well are children with autism spectrum disorder doing academically at school? An overview of the literature. Autism, 20(3), 276–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315580962

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kerns, C. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2012). The presentation and classification of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 19(4), 323. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12009

Kim, S. H., Bal, V. H., & Lord, C. (2018). Longitudinal follow-up of academic achievement in children with autism from age 2 to 18. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(3), 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12808

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee, B. (2023). National, state-level, and county-level prevalence estimates of adults aged ≥ 18 years self-reporting a lifetime diagnosis of depression—United States, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 72(24), 644–650. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7224a1

Maddox, B. B., & Gaus, V. L. (2019). Community mental health services for autistic adults: Good news and bad news. Autism in Adulthood, 1(1), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0006

Magnuson, K. M., & Constantino, J. N. (2011). Characterization of depression in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32(4), 332–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e318213f56c

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mayes, S. D., & Calhoun, S. L. (2009). Variables related to sleep problems in children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(4), 931–941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.04.002

Article  Google Scholar 

Mazefsky, C. A., Herrington, J., Siegel, M., Scarpa, A., Maddox, B. B., Scahill, L., & White, S. W. (2013). The role of emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(7), 679–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.006

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mazzone, L., Postorino, V., De Peppo, L., Fatta, L., Lucarelli, V., Reale, L., Giovagnoli, G., & Vicari, S. (2013). Mood symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 3699–3708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.034

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O'halloran, L., Coey, P., & Wilson, C. (2022). Suicidality in autistic youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 93, 102144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102144

Orvaschel, H., & Puig-Antich, J. (1987). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children: Epidemiologic Version. Nova University.

Google Scholar 

Shaw, K. A., Williams, S., Patrick, M. E., et al. (2025). Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022. MMWR Surveill Summ, 74(No. SS-2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7402a1

StataCorp. (2023). Stata statistical software: Release 18. In StataCorp LP.

Sterling, L., Dawson, G., Estes, A., & Greenson, J. (2008). Characteristics associated with presence of depressive symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorder [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(6), 1011–1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0477-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stewart, M. E., Barnard, L., Pearson, J., Hasan, R., & O’Brien, G. (2006). Presentation of depression in autism and Asperger syndrome: A review. Autism, 10(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361306062013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takara, K., & Kondo, T. (2014). Autism spectrum disorder among first-visit depressed adult patients: Diagnostic clues from backgrounds and past history. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36(6), 737–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.08.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vickerstaff, S., Heriot, S., Wong, M., Lopes, A., & Dossetor, D. (2007). Intellectual ability, self-perceived social competence, and depressive symptomatology in children with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1647–1664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0292-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams, K., Brignell, A., Randall, M., Silove, N., & Hazell, P. (2013). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (8). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004677.pub3

Zaidman-Zait, A., Mirenda, P., Szatmari, P., Duku, E., Smith, I. M., Zwaigenbaum, L., Vaillancourt, T., Kerns, C., Volden, J., Waddell, C., Bennett, T., Georgiades, S., Ungar, W. J., & Elsabbagh, M. (2021). Profiles and predictors of academic and social school functioning among children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50(5), 656–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1750021

Comments (0)

No login
gif