Barker, D. J. P., Osmond, C., Golding, J., Kuh, D., & Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1989). Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. British Medical Journal, 298(6673), 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.298.6673.564

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barke, T. L., Money, K. M., Du, L., Serezani, A., Gannon, M., Mirnics, K., & Aronoff, D. M. (2019). Sex modifies placental gene expression in response to metabolic and inflammatory stress. Placenta, 78, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2019.02.008

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tamayev, L., Schreiber, L., Marciano, A., Bar, J., & Kovo, M. (2020). Are there gender-specific differences in pregnancy outcome and placental abnormalities of pregnancies complicated with small for gestational age? Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 301(5), 1147–1151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05514-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO (2024, March 1). Malnutrition [Fact sheet]. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition

UNICEF. (n.d.). Maternal nutrition. UNICEF. Retrieved September 14 (2025). from https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/maternal

Roseboom, T. J., Painter, R. C., van Abeelen, A. F., Veenendaal, M. V., & de Rooij, S. R. (2011). Hungry in the womb: what are the consequences? Lessons from the Dutch famine. Maturitas, 70(2), 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.06.017

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nurk, E., Refsum, H., Bjelland, I., Drevon, C. A., Tell, G. S., Ueland, P. M., Vollset, S. E., Engedal, K., Nygaard, H. A., & Smith, D. A. (2013). Plasma free choline, betaine and cognitive performance: the Hordaland Health Study. The British journal of nutrition, 109(3), 511–519. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512001249

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Entringer, S., Buss, C., & Wadhwa, P. D. (2015). Prenatal stress, development, health and disease risk: A psychobiological perspective-2015 Curt Richter Award Paper. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62, 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.019

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miyake, K., Mochizuki, K., Kushima, M., Shinohara, R., Horiuchi, S., Otawa, S., Akiyama, Y., Ooka, T., Kojima, R., Yokomichi, H., Yamagata, Z., & Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group. (2023). Maternal protein intake in early pregnancy and child development at age 3 years. Pediatric research, 94(1), 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-022-02435-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Santos, S. A. A., Camargo, A. C., Constantino, F. B., Colombelli, K. T., Mani, F., Rinaldi, J. C., Franco, S., Portela, L. M. F., Duran, B. O. S., Scarano, W. R., Hinton, B. T., Felisbino, S. L., & Justulin, L. A. (2019). Maternal Low-Protein Diet Impairs Prostate Growth in Young Rat Offspring and Induces Prostate Carcinogenesis With Aging. The journals of gerontology Series A Biological sciences and medical sciences, 74(6), 751–759. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly118

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mesquita, F. F., Gontijo, J. A., & Boer, P. A. (2010). Expression of renin-angiotensin system signalling compounds in maternal protein-restricted rats: effect on renal sodium excretion and blood pressure. Nephrology dialysis transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 25(2), 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfp505

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sene, L. B., Rizzi, V. H. G., Gontijo, J. A. R., & Boer, P. A. (2018). Gestational low-protein intake enhances whole-kidney miR-192 and miR-200 family expression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in rat adult male offspring. The Journal of experimental biology, 221(Pt 10), jeb171694. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.171694

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naia Fioretto, M., Maciel, F. A., Barata, L. A., Ribeiro, I. T., Basso, C. B. P., Ferreira, M. R., Dos Santos, S. A. A., Mattos, R., Baptista, H. S., Portela, L. M. F., Padilha, P. M., Felisbino, S. L., Scarano, W. R., Zambrano, E., & Justulin, L. A. (2024). Impact of maternal protein restriction on the proteomic landscape of male rat lungs across the lifespan. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 592, 112348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2024.112348

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sobrinho Lemos, L., Naia Fioretto, M., Tenori Ribeiro, I., Annibal Barata, L., Alessandra Maciel, F., Leonardo Fagundes, F., Mattos, R., Portela, F., Barboza, L. M., de Oliveira, J. M. S., Emílio, B., de Almeida, K., Dos Santos, A., Lima, S. A. H., de Arruda Miranda, C. A., Zambrano, J. R., E., & Justulin, L. A. (2025). Maternal Protein Restriction promotes Cardiac Disorders by Disrupting Heart Developmental Morphophysiology in Young Male Offspring Rats. Experimental cell research, 114795. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2025.114795

Ribeiro, I. T., Fioretto, M. N., Santos, D., Colombelli, S. A. A., Portela, K. T., Niz Alvarez, L. M. F., de Magalhães Padilha, M. V., Delgado, P., Marques, A. Q., Bosqueiro, M. V. L. S. G., Seiva, J. R., Barbisan, F. R. F., de Andrade Paes, L. F., Zambrano, A. M., E., & Justulin, L. A., Jr (2024). Maternal protein restriction combined with postnatal sugar consumption alters liver proteomic profile and metabolic pathways in adult male offspring rats. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 592, 112316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2024.112316

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ribeiro, I. T., Fioretto, M. N., Santos, D., Alvarez, S. A. A., Portela, M. V. N., Mattos, L. M. F., Sebastian, R., Vitali, H. B., Seiva, P. M., Barbisan, F. R. F., Lima, L. F., Damasceno, C. A. H., Zambrano, D. C., E., & Justulin, L. A. (2025). Maternal protein restriction and postnatal sugar consumption increases inflammatory response and deregulates metabolic pathways in the liver of male offspring rats with aging. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 599, 112484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2025.112484

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franzolin, A. M. L., Fioretto, M. N., Ribeiro, I. T., Maciel, F. A., Barata, L. A., Vitali, P. M., Magosso, N., Fagundes, F. L., Emílio-Silva, M. T., Lima, H., Scarano, C. A., W. R., & Justulin, L. A. (2025). Maternal protein restriction compromises hepatic phenotype and antioxidant defense in postweaning male rats, while females exhibit resilience. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 766, 151873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151873

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dos Santos, I. B. L., Fioretto, M. N., Jorge, M. S., Barata, L. A., Ribeiro, I. T., Franzolin, A. M. L., Stoppa, E. G., Mattos, R., Portela, L. M. F., Emílio Silva, M. T., Santos, D., de Arruda, S. A. A., Miranda, J. R., Lima, H., C. A., & Justulin, L. A. (2025). Maternal protein restriction impairs intestinal morphophysiology and antioxidant system in young male offspring rats. Experimental cell research, 446(1), 114464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2025.114464

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Valente, J. S., Colombelli, K. T., Pereira, L. L., Perez, É. S., Zanella, T., Delgado, B. T., Fioretto, A. Q., Padovani, M. N., Vechetti, C. R., Damasceno, I. J., Justulin, D. C., L. A.,&, & Dal-Pai-Silva, M. Jr (2025). Aerobic exercise acts differentially on proteins from glucose and glycogen pathways in the SOL and PL muscles of offspring rats submitted to a low-protein maternal diet. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 752, 151483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151483

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fioretto, M. N., Barata, L. A., de Andrade Felipe, V. A., Dos Santos, S. A. A., Maciel, F. A., Ribeiro, I. T., Mattos, R., Baptista, H. S., Bueno, G., Fagundes, F. L., Portela, L. M. F., Scarano, W. R., Seiva, F. R. F., Lima, C. A. H., & Justulin, L. A. (2025). Long-term effects of maternal protein restriction on adrenal proteomic profile and steroidogenesis in male offspring rats. Cellular signalling, 130, 111707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.111707

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denizli, M., Capitano, M. L., & Kua, K. L. (2022). Maternal obesity and the impact of associated early-life inflammation on long-term health of offspring. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 12, 940937. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.940937

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eitmann, S., Mátrai, P., Németh, D., Hegyi, P., Lukács, A., Bérczi, B., Czumbel, L. M., Kiss, I., Gyöngyi, Z., Varga, G., Balaskó, M., & Pétervári, E. (2022). Maternal overnutrition elevates offspring’s blood pressure-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, 36(2), 276–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12859

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eitmann, S., Németh, D., Hegyi, P., Szakács, Z., Garami, A., Balaskó, M., Solymár, M., Erőss, B., Kovács, E., & Pétervári, E. (2020). Maternal overnutrition impairs offspring’s insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maternal & child nutrition, 16(4), e13031. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13031

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang, Y., Wang, K., Du, M., Khandpur, N., Rossato, S. L., Lo, C. H., VanEvery, H., Kim, D. Y., Zhang, F. F., Chavarro, J. E., Sun, Q., Huttenhower, C., Song, M., Nguyen, L. H., & Chan, A. T. (2022). Maternal consumption of ultra-processed foods and subsequent risk of offspring overweight or obesity: results from three prospective cohort studies. BMJ (Clinical research ed), 379, e071767. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-071767

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salazar, A. M., Sordo, M., Navarrete-Monroy, E., Pánico, P., Díaz-Villaseñor, A., Montúfar-Chaveznava, R., Caldelas, I., & Ostrosky-Wegman, P. (2021). Maternal overnutrition before and during pregnancy induces DNA damage in male offspring: A rabbit model. Mutation research Genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis, 865, 503324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503324

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meneghini, M. A., Galarza, R. A., Quiroga, F., J. P., & Faletti, A. G. (2022). Diet-induced maternal obesity and overnutrition cause a decrease in the sperm quality of the offspring. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 103, 108966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108966

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gawlińska, K., Gawliński, D., Filip, M., & Przegaliński, E. (2021). Relationship of maternal high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation to offspring health. Nutrition reviews, 79(6), 709–725. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa020