Wendelboe AM, Raskob GE (2016) Global burden of thrombosis. Circ Res 118(9):1340–1347

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huisman MV, Klok FA (2013) Diagnostic management of acute deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 11(3):412–422

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lippi G, Franchini M, Targher G (2011) Arterial thrombus formation in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 8(9):502–512

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan P, Gao Y, Zheng M, Xu T, Schoenhagen P, Jin Z (2018) Recent progress and market analysis of anticoagulant drugs. J Thorac Dis 10(3):2011–2025

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perzborn E, Roehrig S, Straub A, Kubitza D, Misselwitz F (2011) The discovery and development of rivaroxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Nat Rev Drug Discov 10(1):61–75

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oates JA, Wood AJJ, Hirsh J (1991) Heparin. N Engl J Med 324(22):1565–1574

Article  Google Scholar 

Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, Halperin JL (2003) American heart Association, American college of cardiology foundation guide to warfarin therapy. J Am Acad Coll Cardiol 41(9):1633–1652

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Harter K, Levine M, Henderson SO (2015) Anticoagulation drug therapy: a review. West J Emerg Med 16(1):11–17

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fitzmaurice DA (2002) Bleeding risks of antithrombotic therapy. BMJ 325(7368):828–831

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xie Z, Meng Z, Yang X, Duan Y, Wang Q, Liao C (2023) Factor XIa inhibitors in anticoagulation therapy: recent advances and perspectives. J Med Chem 66(8):5332–5363

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dahlbäck B (2000) Blood coagulation. Lancet 355(9215):1627–1632

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mackman N (2008) Triggers, targets and treatments for thrombosis. Nature 451(7181):914–918

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koupenova M, Kehrel BE, Corkrey HA, Freedman JE (2017) Thrombosis and platelets: an update. Eur Heart J 38(11):785–791

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dahlbäck B (2008) Advances in Understanding pathogenic mechanisms of thrombophilic disorders. Blood 112(1):19–27

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ariëns RAS (2013) Fibrin(ogen) and thrombotic disease. J Thromb Haemost 11:294–305

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaachouay N, Zidane L (2024) Plant-Derived natural products: A source for drug discovery and development. DDC 3(1):184–207

Article  Google Scholar 

Mandal S, Moudgil Mn, Mandal SK (2009) Rational drug design. Eur J Pharmacol 625(1–3):90–100

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Markwardt F (2002) Hirudin as alternative Anticoagulant-A historical review. Semin Thromb Hemost 28(5):405–414

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fields WS (1991) The history of leeching and Hirudin. Pathophysiol Haemos Thromb 21(1):3–10

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Lan N (2018) Hirudin variants production by genetic engineered microbial factory. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 34(2):261–280

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Junren C, Xiaofang X, Huiqiong Z, Gangmin L, Yanpeng Y, Xiaoyu C, Yuqing G, Yanan L et al (2021) Pharmacological activities and mechanisms of Hirudin and its Derivatives-A review. Front Pharmacol 12:660757

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bao Z, Qi X, Zhu S, Zhang M, Liu X, Chen P, Zhang L, Geng T et al (2025) Recent progress on formulations of Hirudin. Pharm Sci Adv 3:100078

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu XAO, Huang X, Zhang Y, Shen S, Feng Z, Dong H, Zhang C, Mo RA-O (2020) Self-regulated Hirudin delivery for anticoagulant therapy. Sci Adv 6(41):2375–2548

Article  Google Scholar 

Mackman N, Bergmeier W, Stouffer GA, Weitz JI (2020) Therapeutic strategies for thrombosis: new targets and approaches. Nat Rev Drug Discov 19(5):333–352

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang SC, Wang XD, Teng XN, Xiu ZL (2019) Chemical modification of Recombinant Hirudin with palmitic acid in mixed aqueous-organic solutions. Process Biochem 77:85–92

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tian X, Feng M, Wei X, Cheng C, He K, Jiang T, He B, Gu Z (2024) In situ formed depot of elastin-like polypeptide-hirudin fusion protein for long-acting antithrombotic therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 121(11):e2314349121

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han HH, Zhang HT, Wang R, Yan Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wang JC (2020) Improving long circulation and procoagulant platelet targeting by engineering of Hirudin prodrug. Int J Pharm 589:119869

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bordon KCF, Cologna CT, Fornari Baldo EC, Pinheiro Júnior EL, Cerni FA, Amorim FG, Anjolette FAP, Cordeiro FA et al (2020) From animal poisons and venoms to medicines: Achievements, challenges and perspectives in drug discovery. Front Pharmacol 11:1132

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Munawar A, Ali SA, Akrem A, Betzel C (2018) Snake venom peptides: tools of biodiscovery. Toxins 10(11):474

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Messadi E (2023) Snake venom components as therapeutic drugs in ischemic heart disease. Biomolecules 13(10):1539

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lazarovici P, Marcinkiewicz C, Lelkes PI (2019) From snake venom’s disintegrins and C-Type lectins to Anti-Platelet drugs. Toxins 11(5):303

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim E, Hwang DH, Mohan Prakash RL, Asirvatham RD, Lee H, Heo Y, Munawir A, Seyedian R et al (2025) Animal venom in modern medicine: A review of therapeutic applications. Toxins 17(8):371

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang J, Song W, Hua H, Yin X, Huang F, Alolga RN (2021) Antithrombotic and anticoagulant effects of a novel protein isolated from the venom of the Deinagkistrodon Acutus snake. Biomed Pharmacother 138:111527

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zdenek CN, Youngman NJ, Hay C, Dobson J, Dunstan N, Allen L, Milanovic L, Fry BG (2020) Anticoagulant activity of black snake (Elapidae: Pseudechis) venoms: Mechanisms, potency, and antivenom efficacy. Toxicol Lett 330:176–184