Freeman R, Abuzinadah AR, Gibbons C, Jones P, Miglis MG, Sinn DI. Orthostatic hypotension: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(11):1294–309.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, Deharo JC, Elliott PM, Fanciulli A, et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(21):1883–948.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):1269–324.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, et al. 2023 ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European society of hypertension: endorsed by the international society of hypertension (ISH) and the European renal association (ERA). J Hypertens. 2023;41(12):1874–2071.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilani A, Juraschek SP, Belanger MJ, Vowles JE, Wannamethee SG. Postural hypotension. BMJ. 2021;n922.

Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, Benditt DG, Benarroch E, Biaggioni I, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011;21(2):69–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ricci F, Fedorowski A, Radico F, Romanello M, Tatasciore A, Di Nicola M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality related to orthostatic hypotension: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(25):1609–17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mol A, Bui Hoang PTS, Sharmin S, Reijnierse EM, van Wezel RJA, Meskers CGM, et al. Orthostatic hypotension and falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(5):589-597.e5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim MJ, Farrell J. Orthostatic hypotension: a practical approach. Am Fam Physician. 2022;105(1):39–49.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lanier JB, Mote MB, Clay EC. Evaluation and management of orthostatic hypotension. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(5):527–36.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arnold AC, Raj SR. Orthostatic hypotension: a practical approach to investigation and management. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33(12):1725–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Petriceks AH, Appel LJ, Miller ER, Mitchell CM, Schrack JA, Wanigatunga AA et al. RA <>Fielding editor 2024 Associations of hypertension and orthostatic hypotension with subclinical cardiovascular disease. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci 79 11 glae234.

Article  Google Scholar 

Juraschek SP, Hu JR, Cluett JL, Ishak AM, Mita C, Lipsitz LA, et al. Orthostatic Hypotension, hypertension Treatment, and cardiovascular disease: an individual participant Meta-Analysis. JAMA. 2023;330(15):1459–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American college of Cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):e13–115.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Juraschek SP, Daya N, Rawlings AM, Appel LJ, Miller ER, Windham BG, et al. Association of history of Dizziness and Long-term adverse outcomes with early vs later orthostatic hypotension assessment times in Middle-aged adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(9):1316–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canney M, O’Connell MDL, Murphy CM, O’Leary N, Little MA, O’Seaghdha CM, et al. Single agent antihypertensive therapy and orthostatic blood pressure behaviour in older adults using beat-to-beat measurements: the Irish longitudinal study on ageing. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146156. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146156

Jones DW, Keith C, Ferdinand SJ, Taler HM, Johnson D, Shimbo M, Abdalla, AHA/ACC/AANP/AAPA/ABC/ACCP/, ACPM/AGS/AMA/ASPC/ et al. NMA/PCNA/ SGIM Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2025;152.

Juraschek SP, Cortez MM, Flack JM, Ghazi L, Kenny RA, Rahman M, et al. Orthostatic hypotension in adults with hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2024;81(3):e16-30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Muntner P, Einhorn PT, Cushman WC, Whelton PK, Bello NA, Drawz PE, et al. Blood pressure assessment in adults in clinical practice and clinic-based research. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(3):317–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fanciulli A, Jordan J, Biaggioni I, Calandra-Buonaura G, Cheshire WP, Cortelli P, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of neurogenic supine hypertension in cardiovascular autonomic failure by the American Autonomic Society (AAS) and the European Federation of Autonomic Societies (EFAS) : Endorsed by the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Clin Auton Res. 2018;28(4):355–62.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rose KM, Eigenbrodt ML, Biga RL, Couper DJ, Light KC, Sharrett AR, et al. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in middle-aged adults: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Circulation. 2006;114(7):630–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ricci F, De Caterina R, Fedorowski A. Orthostatic Hypotension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(7):848–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiersinga J, Jansen S, Peters MJL, Rhodius-Meester HFM, Trappenburg MC, Claassen JAHR et al. Hypertension and orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: a challenging balance. Lancet Reg Health – Eur [Internet]. 2025 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Apr 29];48. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanepe/article/PIIS2666-7762(24)00323-5/fulltext

Shin C, Abbott RD, Lee H, Kim J, Kimm K. Prevalence and correlates of orthostatic hypotension in middle-aged men and women in Korea: the Korean Health and Genome Study. J Hum Hypertens. 2004;18(10):717–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Townsend RR, Chang TI, Cohen DL, Cushman WC, Evans GW, Glasser SP, et al. Orthostatic changes in systolic blood pressure among SPRINT participants at baseline. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016;10(11):847–56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheng YC, Vyas A, Perlmuter LC, Hymen E. Gender differences in orthostatic hypotension. Am J Med Sci. 2011;342(3):221–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Effects of Intensive Blood-Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(17):1575–85.

Article  Google Scholar 

Strogatz DS, Keenan NL, Barnett EM, Wagner EH. Correlates of postural hypotension in a community sample of elderly Blacks and Whites. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(6):562–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shibao C, Lipsitz LA, Biaggioni I, American Society of Hypertension Writing Group. Evaluation and treatment of orthostatic hypotension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2013;7(4):317–24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Magkas N, Tsioufis C, Thomopoulos C, Dilaveris P, Georgiopoulos G, Sanidas E, et al. Orthostatic hypotension: from pathophysiology to clinical applications and therapeutic considerations. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019;21(5):546–54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith JJ, Porth CM, Erickson M. Hemodynamic response to the upright posture. J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;34(5):375–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Privšek E, Hellgren M, Råstam L, Lindblad U, Daka B. Epidemiological and clinical implications of blood pressure measured in seated versus supine position. Med (Baltim). 2018;97(31):e11603.

Article  Google Scholar 

Xia X, Wang R, Vetrano DL, Grande G, Laukka EJ, Ding M, et al. From normal cognition to cognitive impairment and dementia: impact of orthostatic hypotension. Hypertension. 2021;78(3):769–78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Orthostatic hypotension. MedlinePlus Genetics [Internet]. [cited 2025 May 1]. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/orthostatic-hypotension/

Wieling W, Kaufmann H, Claydon VE, van Wijnen VK, Harms MPM, Juraschek SP, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of orthostatic hypotension. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(8):735–46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Freeman R, Illigens BMW, Lapusca R, Campagnolo M, Abuzinadah AR, Bonyhay I, et al. Symptom recognition is impaired in patients with orthostatic hypotension. Hypertension. 2020;75(5):1325–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed