NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1027–50.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tsai AG, Remmert JE, Butryn ML, Wadden TA. Treatment of Obesity in Primary Care. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(1):35–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vitiello A, Angrisani L, Santonicola A, Iovino P, Pilone V, Forestieri P. Bariatric Surgery Versus Lifestyle Intervention in Class I Obesity: 7-10-Year Results of a Retrospective Study. World J Surg. 2019;43(3):758–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Brien PE, Hindle A, Brennan L, Skinner S, Burton P, Smith A, Crosthwaite G, Brown W. Long-Term Outcomes After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Weight Loss at 10 or More Years for All Bariatric Procedures and a Single-Centre Review of 20-Year Outcomes After Adjustable Gastric Banding. Obes Surg. 2019;29(1):3–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schulman AR, Thompson CC. Complications of Bariatric Surgery: What You Can Expect to See in Your GI Practice. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(11):1640–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Athanasiadis DI, Martin A, Kapsampelis P, Monfared S, Stefanidis D. Factors associated with weight regain post-bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Surg Endosc. 2021;35(8):4069–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Popoviciu MS, Păduraru L, Yahya G, Metwally K, Cavalu S. Emerging Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(13):10449.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ilanga M, Heard JC, McClintic J, Lewis D, Martin G, Horn C, Khorgami Z, Richards J, Chow GS, Lim RB. Use of GLP-1 agonists in high risk patients prior to bariatric surgery: a cohort study. Surg Endosc. 2023;37(12):9509–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iglesias P, Civantos S, Vega B, Pavón I, Guijarro G, Monereo S. Clinical effectiveness of exenatide in diabetic patients waiting for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2015;25(3):575–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agha RA, Mathew G, Rashid R, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Sohrabi C, Franchi T, Nicola M, Agha M, TITAN Group. Transparency In The reporting of Artificial Intelligence–the TITAN guideline. Premier J Sci. 2025:10100082.

Phillips BT, Shikora SA. The history of metabolic and bariatric surgery: Development of standards for patient safety and efficacy. Metabolism. 2018;79:97–107.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Luca M, Shikora S, Eisenberg D, Angrisani L, Parmar C, Alqahtani A, Aminian A, Aarts E, Brown WA, Cohen RV, Di Lorenzo N, Faria SL, Goodpaster KPS, Haddad A, Herrera MF, Rosenthal R, Himpens J, Iossa A, Kermansaravi M, Kow L, Kurian M, Chiappetta S, LaMasters T, Mahawar K, Merola G, Nimeri A, O’Kane M, Papasavas PK, Piatto G, Ponce J, Prager G, Pratt JSA, Rogers AM, Salminen P, Steele KE, Suter M, Tolone S, Vitiello A, Zappa M, Kothari SN. Scientific evidence for the updated guidelines on indications for metabolic and bariatric surgery (IFSO/ASMBS). Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2024;20(11):991–1025.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Widjaja J, Chu Y, Yang J, Wang J, Gu Y. Can we abandon foregut exclusion for an ideal and safe metabolic surgery? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1014901.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fouse T, Brethauer S. Resolution of Comorbidities and Impact on Longevity Following Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2016;96(4):717–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwartz ML, Drew RL, Chazin-Caldie M. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: preoperative determinants of prolonged operative times, conversion to open gastric bypasses, and postoperative complications. Obes Surg. 2003;13(5):734–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iannelli A, Treacy P, Sebastianelli L, Schiavo L, Martini F. Perioperative complications of sleeve gastrectomy: review of the literature. J Minim Access Surg. 2019;15(1):1–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures – 2019 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, The Obesity Society, American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Obesity Medicine Association, and American Society of Anesthesiologists - executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(12):1346–1359.

Jumbe S, Hamlet C, Meyrick J. Psychological Aspects of Bariatric Surgery as a Treatment for Obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2017;6(1):71–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Courcoulas AP, King WC, Belle SH, Berk P, Flum DR, Garcia L, Gourash W, Horlick M, Mitchell JE, Pomp A, Pories WJ, Purnell JQ, Singh A, Spaniolas K, Thirlby R, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ. Seven-Year Weight Trajectories and Health Outcomes in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Study. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(5):427–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Apovian CM, Aronne LJ, Bessesen DH, McDonnell ME, Murad MH, Pagotto U, Ryan DH, Still CD. Endocrine Society. Pharmacological management of obesity: an endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(2):342–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lucas E, Simmons O, Tchang B, Aronne L. Pharmacologic management of weight regain following bariatric surgery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;13:1043595.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Docimo S Jr, Shah J, Warren G, Ganam S, Sujka J, DuCoin C. A cost comparison of GLP-1 receptor agonists and bariatric surgery: what is the break even point? Surg Endosc. 2024;38(11):6560–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shetty R, Basheer FT, Poojari PG, Thunga G, Chandran VP, Acharya LD. Adverse drug reactions of GLP-1 agonists: A systematic review of case reports. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022;16(3):102427.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bezin J, Gouverneur A, Pénichon M, Mathieu C, Garrel R, Hillaire-Buys D, Pariente A, Faillie JL. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(2):384–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drucker DJ. Efficacy and Safety of GLP-1 Medicines for Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(11):1873–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monami M, Dicembrini I, Nardini C, Fiordelli I, Mannucci E. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(2):269–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He L, Wang J, Ping F, Yang N, Huang J, Li Y, Xu L, Li W, Zhang H. Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use With Risk of Gallbladder and Biliary Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182(5):513–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jalleh RJ, Rayner CK, Hausken T, Jones KL, Camilleri M, Horowitz M. Gastrointestinal effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: mechanisms, management, and future directions. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;9(10):957–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Milder DA, Milder TY, Liang SS, Kam PCA. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a narrative review of clinical pharmacology and implications for peri-operative practice. Anaesthesia. 2024;79(7):735–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klair N, Patel U, Saxena A, Patel D, Ayesha IE, Monson NR, Ramphall S. What Is Best for Weight Loss? A Comparative Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Bariatric Surgery Versus Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e46197.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wolff Sagy Y, Lavie G, Ramot N, Battat E, Arbel R, Reges O, Dicker D. Effectiveness of bariatric metabolic surgery versus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for prevention of congestive heart failure. Nat Med. 2024;30(8):2337–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M, Van Gaal LF, Kandler K, Konakli K, Lingvay I, McGowan BM, Oral TK, Rosenstock J, Wadden TA, Wharton S, Yokote K, Kushner RF, STEP 1 Study Group. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(8):1553–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar