G.J. Kahaly et al. Prospective trial of functional thyrotropin receptor antibodies in Graves disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105(4), e1006–e1014 (2020)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.P. Brito et al. Antithyroid drugs-the most common treatment for Graves’ disease in the United States: A nationwide population-based study. Thyroid 26(8), 1144–1145 (2016)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y.H. Chin et al. Prevalence of thyroid eye disease in Graves’ disease: A meta‐analysis and systematic review. Clin. Endocrinol. 93(4), 363–374 (2020)

Article  Google Scholar 

S. Ippolito et al. Change in newly diagnosed Graves’ disease phenotype between the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries: meta-analysis and meta-regression. J. Endocrinol. Invest 44(8), 1707–1718 (2021)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M. Tanda et al. Prevalence and natural history of Graves’ orbitopathy in a large series of patients with newly diagnosed graves’ hyperthyroidism seen at a single center. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98(4), 1443–1449 (2013)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A. Naselli et al. Evidence that baseline levels of low-density lipoproteins cholesterol affect the clinical response of Graves’ ophthalmopathy to parenteral corticosteroids. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 609895 (2020)

Article  Google Scholar 

G. Lanzolla et al. Cholesterol serum levels and use of statins in Graves’ orbitopathy: A new starting point for the therapy. Front Endocrinol. (Lausanne) 10, 933 (2019)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L. Bartalena, A. Pinchera, C. Marcocci, Management of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: reality and perspectives. Endocr. Rev. 21(2), 168–199 (2000)

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

W.M. Wiersinga, Quality of life in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 26(3), 359–370 (2012)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

K.A. Ponto et al. Public health relevance of Graves’ orbitopathy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98(1), 145–152 (2013)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L. Bartalena et al. The 2021 European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves’ orbitopathy. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 185(4), G43–G67 (2021)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L. Bartalena et al. Relation between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 338(2), 73–78 (1998)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

F. Traisk et al. Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs or iodine-131. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94(10), 3700–3707 (2009)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

S.H. Acharya et al. Radioiodine therapy (RAI) for Graves’ disease (GD) and the effect on ophthalmopathy: a systematic review. Clin. Endocrinol. 69(6), 943–950 (2008)

Article  Google Scholar 

D. Villagelin et al. Outcomes in relapsed Graves’ disease patients following radioiodine or prolonged low dose of methimazole treatment. Thyroid 25(12), 1282–1290 (2015)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L. Tallstedt et al. Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves’ hyperthyroidism. N. Engl. J. Med. 326(26), 1733–1738 (1992)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marcocci et al. The course of Graves’ ophthalmopathy is not influenced by near total thyroidectomy: a case‐control study. Clin. Endocrinol. 51(4), 503–508 (1999)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

R. Malboosbaf, F. Azizi, Long-term treatment with antithyroid drugs: Efficacy and safety. Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab. 18(Suppl), e101487 (2020)

Article  Google Scholar 

F. Azizi et al. Long-term follow-up of Graves’ orbitopathy after treatment with short-term or long-term methimazole or radioactive iodine. Endocrine Pract. 29(4), 240–246 (2023).

F. Azizi, R. Malboosbaf, Safety of long-term antithyroid drug treatment? A systematic review. J. Endocrinol. Invest 42(11), 1273–1283 (2019)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L. Bartalena, M.L. Tanda, Current concepts regarding Graves’ orbitopathy. J. Intern. Med. 292(5), 692–716 (2022)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

A.L. Reynolds, M.A. Del Monte, S.M. Archer, The effect of oral statin therapy on strabismus in patients with thyroid eye disease. J. Aapos 22(5), 340–343 (2018)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M. Ludgate, G. Baker, Unlocking the immunological mechanisms of orbital inflammation in thyroid eye disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 127(2), 193–198 (2002)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

V. Croons et al. Effect of statins on the viability of macrophages and smooth muscle cells. J. Cardiovascular Pharmacol. 55(3), 269–275 (2010)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

A. Nilsson, K. Tsoumani, T. Planck, Statins decrease the risk of orbitopathy in newly diagnosed patients with Graves disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 106(5), 1325–1332 (2021)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y.-H. Wei et al. Simvastatin and ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 inhibit myofibroblast differentiation of Graves’ ophthalmopathy-derived orbital fibroblasts via RhoA-mediated ERK and p38 signaling pathways. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 607968 (2021)

Article  Google Scholar 

J.S. Yoon, D.O. Kikkawa, Thyroid eye disease: From pathogenesis to targeted therapies. Taiwan J. Ophthalmol. 12(1), 3–11 (2022)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

R. Bahn, Current insights into the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Horm. Metab. Res. 47(10), 773–778 (2015)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

G. Lanzolla et al. Statins for Graves’ orbitopathy (STAGO): a phase 2, open-label, adaptive, single centre, randomised clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 9(11), 733–742 (2021)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A. Endo, A historical perspective on the discovery of statins. Proc. Jpn Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci. 86(5), 484–493 (2010)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

T. Cai et al. Associations between statins and adverse events in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review with pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses. BMJ 374, n1537 (2021)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

E. Myasoedova et al. Effect of statin use on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. in Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism. 2020. Elsevier

P. Morfino et al. Treatment of cardiac fibrosis: from neuro-hormonal inhibitors to CAR-T cell therapy. Heart Fail. Rev. 28(2), 555–569 (2023)

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

E.M. Lambert et al. Statins: cause of fibrosis or the opposite? Effect of cardiovascular drugs in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respiratory Med. 176, 106259 (2021)

Article  Google Scholar 

R. Gilbert et al. Statins as anti-inflammatory agents: A potential therapeutic role in sight-threatening non-infectious uveitis. Porto Biomed. J. 2(2), 33–39 (2017)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

T. Kandelouei et al. Effect of statins on serum level of hs-CRP and CRP in patients with cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mediat. Inflamm. 2022, 8732360 (2022)

Article  Google Scholar 

M.C. Proute et al. The effect of Statin therapy on inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review. Cureus 13(9), e18273 (2021)

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

A. Liberati et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Ann. Intern. Med. 151(4), W-65–W-94 (2009)

Article  Google Scholar 

G. Wells et al. Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale cohort studies. University of Ottawa, 2014.

J.A. Sterne et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. bmj 366, 4898 (2019)

Article  Google Scholar 

J.D. Stein et al. Risk factors for developing thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy among individuals with Graves disease. JAMA Ophthalmol. 133(3), 290–296 (2015)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

I. Campi, L. Fugazzola, How can we prevent disease relapse in Graves’ orbitopathy after immunosuppressive treatment? Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab. 17(4), 269–274 (2022)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

G. Lanzolla et al. Relationship between serum cholesterol and Graves’ orbitopathy (GO): a confirmatory study. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 41(12), 1417–1423 (2018)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

E. Sabini et al. High serum cholesterol is a novel risk factor for Graves’ orbitopathy: Results of a cross-sectional study. Thyroid 28(3), 386–394 (2018)

Article  CAS