Pelletier, J. & Sonenberg, N. Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence derived from poliovirus RNA. Nature 334, 320–325 (1988). One of the first reports firmly establishing internal translation initiation as a mechanism used by viral RNAs.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jang, S. K. et al. A segment of the 5′ nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation. J. Virol. 62, 2636–2643 (1988).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Reil, H., Höxter, M., Moosmayer, D., Pauli, G. & Hauser, H. CD4 expressing human 293 cells as a tool for studies in HIV-1 replication: the efficiency of translational frameshifting is not altered by HIV-1 infection. Virology 205, 371–375 (1994).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stahl, G., Bidou, L., Rousset, J.-P. & Cassan, M. Versatile vectors to study recoding: conservation of rules between yeast and mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 1557–1560 (1995).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bidou, L. et al. In vivo HIV-1 frameshifting efficiency is directly related to the stability of the stem-loop stimulatory signal. RNA 3, 1153–1158 (1997).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grentzmann, G., Ingram, J. A., Kelly, P. J., Gesteland, R. F. & Atkins, J. F. A dual-luciferase reporter system for studying recoding signals. RNA 4, 479–486 (1998). First fused dual-luciferase system that helped to characterize many translation mechanisms.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chiba, S., Jamal, A. & Suzuki, N. First evidence for internal ribosomal entry sites in diverse fungal virus genomes. mBio 9, e02350-17 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rakauskaite, R., Liao, P.-Y., Rhodin, M. H. J., Lee, K. & Dinman, J. D. A rapid, inexpensive yeast-based dual-fluorescence assay of programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting for high-throughput screening. Nucleic Acids Res. 39, e97 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cardno, T. S., Poole, E. S., Mathew, S. F., Graves, R. & Tate, W. P. A homogeneous cell-based bicistronic fluorescence assay for high-throughput identification of drugs that perturb viral gene recoding and read-through of nonsense stop codons. RNA 15, 1614–1621 (2009).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harger, J. W. & Dinman, J. D. An in vivo dual-luciferase assay system for studying translational recoding in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RNA 9, 1019–1024 (2003).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bert, A. G., Grépin, R., Vadas, M. A. & Goodall, G. J. Assessing IRES activity in the HIF-1α and other cellular 5′ UTRs. RNA 12, 1074–1083 (2006).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Loughran, G., Howard, M. T., Firth, A. E. & Atkins, J. F. Avoidance of reporter assay distortions from fused dual reporters. RNA 23, 1285–1289 (2017). Improved single-mRNA dual-luciferase reporter with protein product splitting StopGo motif to produce reporters with identical amino acid sequences irrespective of the tested inserts.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jacobs, J. L., Belew, A. T., Rakauskaite, R. & Dinman, J. D. Identification of functional, endogenous programmed −1 ribosomal frameshift signals in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 165–174 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baranov, P. V. et al. Programmed ribosomal frameshifting in decoding the SARS-CoV genome. Virology 332, 498–510 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Charbonneau, J., Gendron, K., Ferbeyre, G. & Brakier-Gingras, L. The 5′ UTR of HIV-1 full-length mRNA and the Tat viral protein modulate the programmed −1 ribosomal frameshift that generates HIV-1 enzymes. RNA 18, 519–529 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gendron, K. et al. The presence of the TAR RNA structure alters the programmed −1 ribosomal frameshift efficiency of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by modifying the rate of translation initiation. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 30–40 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Howard, M. T. et al. Sequence specificity of aminoglycoside-induced stop codon readthrough: potential implications for treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann. Neurol. 48, 164–169 (2000).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harrell, L., Melcher, U. & Atkins, J. F. Predominance of six different hexanucleotide recoding signals 3′ of read-through stop codons. Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 2011–2017 (2002).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yordanova, M. M. et al. AMD1 mRNA employs ribosome stalling as a mechanism for molecular memory formation. Nature 553, 356–360 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hennecke, M. et al. Composition and arrangement of genes define the strength of IRES-driven translation in bicistronic mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 3327–3334 (2001).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bochkov, Y. A. & Palmenberg, A. C. Translational efficiency of EMCV IRES in bicistronic vectors is dependent upon IRES sequence and gene location. Biotechniques 41, 283–292 (2006).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vallejos, M. et al. The 5′-untranslated region of the mouse mammary tumor virus mRNA exhibits cap-independent translation initiation. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, 618–632 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baranov, P. V. et al. Programmed ribosomal frameshifting in the expression of the regulator of intestinal stem cell proliferation, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). RNA Biol. 8, 637–647 (2011).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Beznosková, P., Wagner, S., Jansen, M. E., von der Haar, T. & Valášek, L. S. Translation initiation factor eIF3 promotes programmed stop codon readthrough. Nucleic Acids Res. 43, 5099–5111 (2015).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Müller, C. et al. Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the eIF4A inhibitor silvestrol against corona- and picornaviruses. Antiviral Res. 150, 123–129 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zinshteyn, B., Sinha, N. K., Enam, S. U., Koleske, B. & Green, R. Translational repression of NMD targets by GIGYF2 and EIF4E2. PLoS Genet. 17, e1009813 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kobayashi, Y., Zhuang, J., Peltz, S. & Dougherty, J. Identification of a cellular factor that modulates HIV-1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 19776–19784 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Green, L., Houck-Loomis, B., Yueh, A. & Goff, S. P. Large ribosomal protein 4 increases efficiency of viral recoding sequences. J Virol. 86, 8949–8958 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Young, D. J. et al. Tma64/eIF2D, Tma20/MCT-1, and Tma22/DENR recycle post-termination 40S subunits in vivo. Mol. Cell 71, 761–774 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schult, P. et al. microRNA-122 amplifies hepatitis C virus translation by shaping the structure of the internal ribosomal entry site. Nat. Commun. 9, 2613 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central