Guan Wjie, Ni Z yi, Hu Y, Liang W, hua, Ou C, quan, He Jxing et al (2020 Apr 30) Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 28];382(18):1708–20. Available from: http://www.nejm.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19–11 (March 2020 )[Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 28]. Available from: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
Ministerio de Sanidad, Orden, SND/726/ (2023) de 4 de julio, por la que se publica el Acuerdo del Consejo de Ministros de 4 de julio de 2023, por el que se declara la finalización de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por la COVID-19 [Internet]. Section 1, Orden SND/726/2023 Jul 5, 2023 pp. 93379–87. Available from: https://www.boe.es/eli/es/o/2023/07/04/snd726
Vacunación covid en niños y adolescentes: preguntas y respuestas| Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la AEP [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 28]. Available from: https://vacunasaep.org/documentos/vacunacion-covid-en-ninos-y-adolescentes-preguntas-y-respuestas
Koirala A, Winkler NE, Quinn HE, Gardiner E, Liu B, Forbes J et al (2023 Jun) Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variant transmission and vaccine impact in schools and child-care settings in Australia: a population-based study. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 28];35:100736. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666606523000548
Markov PV, Ghafari M, Beer M, Lythgoe K, Simmonds P, Stilianakis NI et al (2023) The evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Microbiol 21(6):361–379
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Xiao B, Wu L, Sun Q, Shu C, Hu S (2024) Dynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 evolution based on different countries. Gene 916:148426
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu BM, Yao Q, Cruz-Cosme R, Yarbrough C, Draper K, Suslovic W et al (2025) Genetic conservation and diversity of SARS-CoV-2 envelope gene across variants of concern. J Med Virol 97(1):e70136
https://www.comunidad.madrid [internet]. Informe epidemiológico semanal Comunidad de Madrid. Semana 43 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.comunidad.madrid
Adetola HH, Ishola D, Afolabi MO, Bangura J, Sesay IG, Pearce R et al (2020) Clinical presentations and management of COVID-19 infected children seen in a district health facility in Kambia, Northern Sierra Leone. Pan Afr Med J 37(Suppl 1):28
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alsharrah D, Alhaddad F, Alyaseen M, Aljamaan S, Almutairi N, Ayed M et al (2021) Clinical characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Kuwait. J Med Virol 93(5):3246–3250
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Duarte-Salles T, Vizcaya D, Pistillo A, Casajust P, Sena AG, Lai LYH et al (2020) Baseline characteristics, management, and outcomes of 55,270 children and adolescents diagnosed with COVID-19 and 1,952,693 with influenza in France, Germany, Spain, South Korea and the United States: an international network cohort study. medRxiv 20222083
Li K, Li L, Wang X, Li H, Chen J, Liu L et al (2020 Dec) Comparative analysis of clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus infection among children. Virol J [Internet]. [cited 2025 Feb 26];17(1):193. Available from: https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01461-4
Iijima H, Kubota M, Ogimi C (2022) Clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with COVID-19 between Omicron era vs. pre-Omicron era. J Infect Chemother 28(11):1501–1505
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Serrano-Cumplido A, Ruíz-García A, Del Rio-Herrero A, Antón-Eguía PB, Micó-Pérez RM, Calderón-Montero A et al (2024 Mar) Efecto de la variante Ómicron sobre la incidencia y la letalidad durante la 6.a onda epidémica COVID-19 en España. Medicina de Familia SEMERGEN [Internet]. [cited 2025 Feb 26];50(2):102073. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1138359323001533
Chiwandire N, Jassat W, Groome M, Kufa T, Walaza S, Wolter N et al (2023 Apr 18) Changing Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents Over Four Successive Epidemic Waves in South Africa, 2020–2022. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 11];12(3):128–34. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jpids/article/12/3/128/6989565
Curatola A, Ferretti S, Graglia B, Capossela L, Menchinelli G, Fiori B et al (2023 Feb) COVID -19 increased in Italian children in the autumn and winter 2021–2022 period when Omicron was the dominant variant. Acta Paediatrica [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 11];112(2):290–5. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16576
Chun JY, Jeong H, Kim Y (2022 Nov 23) Identifying susceptibility of children and adolescents to the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529). BMC Med [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 11];20(1):451. Available from: https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02655-z
Li Q, Nie J, Wu J, Zhang L, Ding R, Wang H et al (2021 Apr) SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 variants lack higher infectivity but do have immune escape. Cell [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 11];184(9):2362–2371.e9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867421002312
Cao Y, Yisimayi A, Bai Y, Huang W, Li X, Zhang Z et al (2021 Jul) Humoral immune response to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by inactivated and RBD-subunit vaccines. Cell Res [Internet]. Jul [cited 2024 Nov 11];31(7):732–41. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-021-00514-9
Starr TN, Greaney AJ, Hilton SK, Ellis D, Crawford KHD, Dingens AS et al (2020 Sep) Deep Mutational Scanning of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Reveals Constraints on Folding and ACE2 Binding. Cell [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 11];182(5):1295–1310.e20. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867420310035
Gu H, Chen Q, Yang G, He L, Fan H, Deng YQ et al (2020 Sep 25) Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy. Science [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 11];369(6511):1603–7. Available from: https://www.science.org/doi/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4730
Tsai J-J et al (2024) The epidemiology and phylogenetic trends of Omicron subvariants from BA.5 to XBB.1 in Taiwan. J Infect Public Health 17(11):102556
Ngiam JN et al (2022) Does the COVID 19 XBB Omicron subvariant signal the beginning of the end of the pandemic? Singap Med J Dec 1
Karyakarte RP et al (2023) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases infected with Omicron subvariants and the XBB Recombinant variant. Cureus 15(2):e35261
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Han MS et al (2023) Distinct clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19 in children during the Pre-Delta, Delta and Omicron wave pediatr infect. Dis J 42(5):423–428
Choi YY et al (2022) Croup as a manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection in young children. J Korean Med Sci 37(20):e140
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brewster RCL et al (2022) COVID-19-associated croup in children. Pediatrics 149(6):e2022056492
Wurm J, Uka A, Bernet V, Buettcher M, Giannoni E, Kottanattu L et al (2024 Apr) The changing clinical presentation of COVID -19 in children during the course of the pandemic. Acta Paediatrica [Internet]. Apr [cited 2024 Nov 15];113(4):771–7. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.17061
Pokorska-Śpiewak M et al (2024) Differences in clinical presentation of COVID-19 in children hospitalized during domination of early (BA.1, BA.2) and late (BA.5, BA.2.75, BQ.1 and XBB.1.5) SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 43:149–154
Ramírez-Cázares AC, Hernández-Ruíz YG, Martínez-Longoria CA, Tamez-Gómez CE, Medina-Macías O, Treviño-Montalvo RG (2023 Jun 27) Clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who followed rigorous measures during two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in a hospital in Mexico. Front Pediatr [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 15];11:1150738. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1150738/full
Lin F, Chen MT, Zhang L, Xie H, Yang Z, Huang B et al (2024) Hospitalized children with COVID-19 infection during large outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain: a retrospective study in Chaozhou, Guangdong, China. Ann Med 56(1):2389301
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pokorska-Śpiewak M, Talarek E, Mania A, Pawłowska M, Popielska J, Zawadka K et al (2021) Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1283 pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 during the first and second waves of the Pandemic—Results of the pediatric part of a multicenter Polish register sarster. JCM 10(21):5098
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jugulete G, Pacurar D, Pavelescu ML, Safta M, Gheorghe E, Borcoș B et al (2022) Clinical and evolutionary features of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in children, a Romanian perspective. Child (Basel) 9(9):1282
Simon AK, Hollander GA, McMichael A (2015) Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc Biol Sci 282(1821):20143085
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cervia C, Nilsson J, Zurbuchen Y, Valaperti A, Schreiner J, Wolfensberger A et al (2021) Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147(2):545–557e9
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zhou D, Chan JFW, Zhou B, Zhou R, Li S, Shan S et al (2021) Robust SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal turbinates after treatment with systemic neutralizing antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 29(4):551–563e5
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jelic M et al (2023) Changing characteristics of children with COVID-19 in Colorado admitted during different variant periods. Pediatr Infect Dis J 42(8):679–684
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Quintero AM et al (2022) Differences in SARS-CoV-2 clinical manifestations and disease severity in children and adolescents by infecting variant. Emerg Infect Dis 28(11):2270–2280
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shoji Ket at. (2022) Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in hospitalized children during the Omicron variant predominant period. J Infect Chemother 28(11):1531–1535
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Stopyra Let at. (2022) Characteristics of hospitalized pediatric patients in the first five waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in a single center in Poland-1407 cases. J Clin Med 11(22):6806
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Molina Gutiérrez MÁ, Ruiz Domínguez JA, Bueno Barriocanal M, De Miguel Lavisier B, López López R, Martín Sánchez J et al (2020 Nov) Impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en urgencias: primeros hallazgos en un hospital de Madrid. Anales de Pediatría [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 16];93(5):313–22. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1695403320302435
Comments (0)