Wall R, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C. Fatty acids from fish: the anti-inflammatory potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Nutr Rev. 2010;68(5):280–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ambati RR, Moi PS, Ravi S, Aswathanarayana RG. Astaxanthin: Sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications–a review. Mar Drugs. 2014;12(1):128.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lehmann U, Gjessing HR, Hirche F, Mueller-Belecke A, Gudbrandsen OA, Ueland PM, Mellgren G, Lauritzen L, Lindqvist H, Hansen AL, Erkkilä AT, Pot GK, Stangl GI, Dierkes J. Efficacy of fish intake on vitamin d status: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(4):837–47. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.105395. (Epub 2015 Sep 9 PMID: 26354531).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siriwardhana N, Kalupahana NS, Moustaid-Moussa N. Health benefits of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2012;65:211–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416003-3.00013-5. (PMID: 22361189).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crimmins EM. Lifespan and healthspan: past, present, and promise. Gerontologist. 2015;55(6):901–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hosomi R, Yoshida M, Fukunaga K. Seafood consumption and components for health. Glob J Health Sci. 2012;4(3):72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Belsky DW, Caspi A, Arseneault L, Baccarelli A, Corcoran DL, Gao X, Hannon E, Harrington HL, Rasmussen LJH, Houts R, Huffman K, Kraus WE, Kwon D, Mill J, Pieper CF, Prinz JA, Poulton R, Schwartz J, Sugden K, Vokonas P, Williams BS, Moffitt TE. Quantification of the pace of biological aging in humans through a blood test, the DunedinPoAm DNA methylation algorithm 2020.

Lu AT, Quach A, Wilson JG, Reiner AP, Aviv A, Raj K, Hou L, Baccarelli AA, Li Y, Stewart JD, Whitsel EA, Assimes TL, Ferrucci L, Horvath S. DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan. Aging. 2019;11(2):303.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levine ME, Lu AT, Quach A, Chen BH, Assimes TL, Bandinelli S, Hou L, Baccarelli AA, Stewart JD, Li Y, Whitsel EA, Wilson JG, Reiner AP, Aviv A, Lohman K, Liu Y, Ferrucci L, Horvath S. An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan. Aging. 2018;10(4):573.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 2013;14(10):1–20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hannum G, Guinney J, Zhao L, Zhang L, Hughes G, Sadda S, Klotzle B, Bibikova M, Fan JB, Gao Y, Deconde R, Chen M, Rajapakse I, Friend S, Ideker T, Zhang K. Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates. Mol Cell. 2013;49(2):359–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salameh Y, Bejaoui Y, El Hajj N. DNA methylation biomarkers in aging and Age-Related diseases. Front. Genet. 2020;11

Rudkowska I, Paradis AM, Thifault E, Julien P, Tchernof A, Couture P, Lemieux S, Barbier O, Vohl MC. Transcriptomic and metabolomic signatures of an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in a normolipidemic/normocholesterolemic caucasian population. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24(1):54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.01.016. (Epub 2012 Jun 28 PMID: 22748805).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tremblay BL, Guénard F, Rudkowska I, Lemieux S, Couture P, Vohl M-C. Epigenetic changes in blood leukocytes following an omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Clin. Epigenetics 2017;9

Bouwens M, Rest O, Dellschaft N, Bromhaar MG, Groot LC, Geleijnse JM, Müller M, Afman LA. Fish-oil supplementation induces antiinflammatory gene expression profiles in human blood mononuclear cells. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(2):415–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quach A, Levine ME, Tanaka T, Lu AT, Chen BH, Ferrucci L, Ritz B, Bandinelli S, Neuhouser ML, Beasley JM, Snetselaar L, Wallace RB, Tsao PS, Absher D, Assimes TL, Stewart JD, Li Y, Hou L, Baccarelli AA, Whitsel EA, Horvath S. Epigenetic clock analysis of diet, exercise, education, and lifestyle factors. Aging. 2017;9(2):419.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu D, Jia Y, Liu Y, Shang M. Dose-response relationship of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on slowing phenotypic age acceleration: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1424156. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1424156.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Yang H, Jiao R, Wang Y, Xiao M, Song M, Yu H, Liao C, Pang Y, Gao W, Huang T, Yu C, Lv J, Li S, Qi L, Li L, Sun D. Phenotypic age mediates effects of life’s essential 8 on reduced mortality risk in us adults. Precis Clin Med. 2024;7(3):019. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbae019.

Article  Google Scholar 

Carbonneau M, Li Y, Prescott B, Liu C, Huan T, Joehanes R, Murabito JM, Heard-Costa NL, Xanthakis V, Levy D, Ma J. Epigenetic age mediates the association of life’s essential 8 with cardiovascular disease and mortality. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13(11): 032743. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.123.032743.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gängler S, Wieczorek M al. Individual and additive effects of vitamin d, omega-3 and exercise on dna methylation clocks of biological aging in older adults from the do-health trial. Nature Aging 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-024-00793-y

Preston Mason R, Libby P, Bhatt DL. Emerging mechanisms of cardiovascular protection for the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(5):1135.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cartolano FDC, Dias GD, Miyamoto S, Damasceno NRT. Omega-3 fatty acids improve functionality of High-Density lipoprotein in individuals with high cardiovascular risk: A randomized, parallel, controlled and Double-Blind clinical trial. Front. Nutr. 2022;8

Shearer GC, Savinova OV, Harris WS. Fish oil - how does it reduce plasma triglycerides? Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1821(5):843.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nestel PJ. Fish oil and cardiovascular disease: lipids and arterial function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1):228–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gao C, Liu Y, Gan Y, Bao W, Peng X, Xing Q, Gao H, Lai J, Liu L, Wang Z, Yang Y. Effects of fish oil supplementation on glucose control and lipid levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):1–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Khan SU, Lone AN, Khan MS, Virani SS, Blumenthal RS, Nasir K, Miller M, Michos ED, Ballantyne CM, Boden WE, Bhatt DL. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine 2021;38

Bays HE, Braeckman RA, Ballantyne CM, Kastelein JJ, Otvos JD, Stirtan WG, Soni PN. Icosapent ethyl, a pure EPA omega-3 fatty acid: effects on lipoprotein particle concentration and size in patients with very high triglyceride levels (the MARINE study). J. Clin. Lipidol. 2012;6(6)

Costabile G, Della Pepa G, Vetrani C, Vitaglione P, Griffo E, Giacco R, Vitale M, Salamone D, Rivellese AA, Annuzzi G, Bozzetto L. An oily fish diet improves subclinical inflammation in people at high cardiovascular risk: a randomized controlled study. Molecules. 2021;26(11):3369.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mortazavi A, Nematipoor E, Djalali M, Keshavarz SA, Samavat S, Zarei M, Javanbakht MH. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on serum apelin levels in cardiovascular disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rep Biochem Mol Biolo. 2018;7(1):59.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Xin W, Wei W, Li X. Effects of fish oil supplementation on inflammatory markers in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2012;12(1):1–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Smith GD, Davies NM, Dudbridge F, Gill D, Maria Glymour M, Hartwig FP, Holmes MV, Minelli C, Relton CL, Theodoratou E. Guidelines for performing mendelian randomization investigations. Wellcome Open Research 2019;4

Li Y, Zhong X, Cheng G, Zhao C, Zhang L, Hong Y, Wan Q, He R, Wang Z. Hs-crp and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality risk: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2017;259:75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.02.003. (PMID: 28327451).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim Y, Huan T, Joehanes R, McKeown NM, Horvath S, Levy D, Ma J. Higher diet quality relates to decelerated epigenetic aging. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;115(1):163.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franzago M, Pilenzi L, Di Rado S, Vitacolonna E, Stuppia L. The epigenetic aging, obesity, and lifestyle. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 2022;10

Amenyah SD, Ward M, Strain JJ, McNulty H, Hughes CF, Dollin C, Walsh CP, Lees-Murdock DJ. Nutritional epigenomics and Age-Related disease. Current Developments in Nutrition 2020;4(7)

McCrory C, Fiorito G, Hernandez B, Polidoro S, O’Halloran AM, Hever A, Ni Cheallaigh C, Lu AT, Horvath S, Vineis P, Kenny RA. GrimAge outperforms other epigenetic clocks in the prediction of age-related clinical phenotypes and all-cause mortality. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;76(5):741–9.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao J, Xiong Q, Yin Y, Ling Z, Chen S. The effects of fish oil on cardiovascular diseases: Systematical evaluation and recent advance. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022;8

Zhou J, Tan X, Li Y, Wan R, Wu Z, Lin Z, Wang W, Luo Y, Liu T. Association of oily fish and nonoily fish intakes with all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality: a large population-based prospective study. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):1–10.

Google Scholar 

Raisi-Estabragh Z, McCracken C, Gkontra P, Jaggi A, Ardissino M, Cooper J, Biasiolli L, Aung N, Piechnik SK, Neubauer S, Munroe PB, Lekadir K, Harvey NC, Petersen SE. Associations of meat and fish consumption with conventional and radiomics cardiovascular magnetic resonance phenotypes in the UK biobank. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2021;8

Klopack ET, Carroll JE, Cole SW, Seeman TE, Crimmins EM. Lifetime exposure to smoking, epigenetic aging, and morbidity and mortality in older adults. Clin Epigenetics. 2022;14(1):1–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

...Mohan D, Mente A, Dehghan M, Rangarajan S, O’Donnell M, Hu W, Dagenais G, Wielgosz A, Lear S, Wei L, Diaz R, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lanas F, Swaminathan S, Kaur M, Vijayakumar K, Mohan V, Gupta R, Szuba A, Iqbal R, Yusuf R, Mohammadifard N, Khatib R, Yusoff K, Gulec S, Rosengren A, Yusufali A, Wentzel-Viljoen E, Chifamba J, Dans A, Alhabib KF, Yeates K, Teo K, Gerstein HC, Yusuf S. PURE, ONTARGET, TRANSCEND, and ORIGIN investigators: associations of fish consumption with risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality among individuals with or without vascular disease from 58 countries. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(5):631–49.

Article