Funding: The COSMIC cohort is supported by a COMAD grant from Société Nationale Francaise de Gastroenterologie (SNFGE) and by a grant from Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Francaise (SPILF).

Competing Interests: Alicia Moreno-Sabater reports travel and lecture fees from MSD and Gilead; Harry Sokol report lecture fees, board membership, or consultancy with Carenity, AbbVie, Astellas, Danone, Ferring, Mayoly Spindler, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Tillots, Enterome, BiomX, Takeda, Biocodex, has