Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are known to interact with neurons in the central nervous system, where they are involved in cognition and in responses to injury. However, their role in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) remained unclear. Klose and colleagues show that ILC2s can regulate the structure and function of the PNS. Using mice with GFP+ ILC2s, they show that these cells are embedded in the sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia, secrete cytokines and have unique adaptations including the expression of genes that promote axonogenesis, neuron projection guidance and gliogenesis. Deletion of ILC2s in mice led to structural abnormalities of the PNS, a significantly lowered pain threshold and an altered gait. The authors determined that ILC2-derived IL-13 binds the shared IL-4/IL-13 receptor in neurons and regulates axon growth and nerve structure. Intrathecal delivery of IL-13 in ILC2-deficient mice restored normal gait and restored the pain threshold. Overall, this study demonstrates ILC2-driven regulation of the PNS and indicates potential cellular targets for pain management.