Collaborators GH. Global, regional, and national burden of HIV/AIDS, 1990–2021, and forecasts to 2050, for 204 countries and territories: the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet HIV. 2024;11(12):e807–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(24)00212-1.
Collaborators GBDHB. Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(9):796–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00124-8.
Leumi S, Bigna JJ, Amougou MA, Ngouo A, Nyaga UF, Noubiap JJ. Global burden of hepatitis B infection in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(11):2799–806. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1170.
Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R Jr, Phair J, Visscher B, Munoz A, et al. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1921–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11913-1.
Sun J, Althoff KN, Jing Y, Horberg MA, Buchacz K, Gill MJ, et al. Trends in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and risk among persons with HIV in the US and Canada, 1996–2015. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(2):e2037512. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37512.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Colin JF, Cazals-Hatem D, Loriot MA, Martinot-Peignoux M, Pham BN, Auperin A, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B in homosexual men. Hepatology. 1999;29(4):1306–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510290447.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV. 2024. https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv. Accessed Aug 5 2025.
Chan HL, Tse CH, Mo F, Koh J, Wong VW, Wong GL, et al. High viral load and hepatitis B virus subgenotype ce are associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(2):177–82. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.13.2043.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hosaka T, Suzuki F, Kobayashi M, Seko Y, Kawamura Y, Sezaki H, et al. Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 2013;58(1):98–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26180.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Marcellin P, Gane E, Buti M, Afdhal N, Sievert W, Jacobson IM, et al. Regression of cirrhosis during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B: a 5-year open-label follow-up study. Lancet. 2013;381(9865):468–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61425-1.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kim HN, Newcomb CW, Carbonari DM, Roy JA, Torgersen J, Althoff KN, et al. Risk of HCC with hepatitis B viremia among HIV/HBV-coinfected persons in North America. Hepatology. 2021;74(3):1190–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31839.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sterling RK, King WC, Khalili M, Chung RT, Sulkowski M, Jain MK, et al. A prospective study evaluating changes in histology, clinical and virologic outcomes in HBV-HIV co-infected adults in North America. Hepatology. 2021;74(3):1174–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31823.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lo Re V, Justice AC, Taddei TH, Roy JA, Brown ST, Bräu N, et al. HIV RNA, CD4+ percentage, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by cirrhosis status. JNCI: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020;112(7):747–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djz214.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Prevention and management of hepatitis B virus infection in adults with HIV. 2022. https://www.hivguidelines.org/guideline/hiv-hbv/. Accessed 10 Oct 2024.
Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024.
European Association for the Study of the L. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2025;83(2):502–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2025.03.018.
Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, Kudo M, Lee JM, Jia J, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(4):317–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9.
Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, Mehta N, Heimbach JK, Dawson LA, et al. Aasld practice guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2023;78(6):1922–65. https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000000466.
Cheraghpour M, Hatami B,Singal AG. Lifestyle and pharmacologic approaches to prevention of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23(5):685–94 e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2024.09.041.
European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):182–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019.
Frenette CT, Isaacson AJ, Bargellini I, Saab S, Singal AG. A practical guideline for hepatocellular carcinoma screening in patients at risk. Mayo Clin Proc: Innov Qual Outcomes. 2019;3(3):302–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.04.005.
Papatheodoridis G, Dalekos G, Sypsa V, Yurdaydin C, Buti M, Goulis J, et al. PAGE-B predicts the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasians with chronic hepatitis B on 5-year antiviral therapy. J Hepatol. 2016;64(4):800–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.035.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Surial B, Ramirez Mena A, Roumet M, Limacher A, Smit C, Leleux O, et al. External validation of the PAGE-B score for HCC risk prediction in people living with HIV/HBV coinfection. J Hepatol. 2023;78(5):947–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.12.029.
Gokcen P, Guzelbulut F, Adali G, Degirmenci Salturk AG, Ozturk O, Bahadir O, et al. Validation of the PAGE-B score to predict hepatocellular carcinoma risk in Caucasian chronic hepatitis B patients on treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28(6):665–74. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i6.665.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Voulgaris T, Papatheodoridi M, Lampertico P, Papatheodoridis GV. Clinical utility of hepatocellular carcinoma risk scores in chronic hepatitis B. Liver Int. 2020;40(3):484–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14334.
Wandeler G, Mauron E, Atkinson A, Dufour JF, Kraus D, Reiss P, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV/HBV-coinfected patients on tenofovir therapy: relevance for screening strategies. J Hepatol. 2019;71(2):274–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.03.032.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sparchez Z, Craciun R, Caraiani C, Horhat A, Nenu I, Procopet B, et al. Ultrasound or sectional imaging techniques as screening tools for hepatocellular carcinoma: fall forward or move forward? J Clin Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10050903.
Singal AG, Tayob N, Mehta A, Marrero JA, El-Serag H, Jin Q, et al. Galad demonstrates high sensitivity for HCC surveillance in a cohort of patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2022;75(3):541–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32185.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yu X, Lei X. Application of the multi-omics liquid biopsy method M2P-HCC in early liver cancer screening for high-risk individuals with hepatitis B-related liver cancer. Diagnostics. 2023;13(15):2484. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13152484.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, Parikh ND, Marrero JA, Yopp A, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(6):1706-18 e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.064.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Roberts LR, Sirlin CB, Zaiem F, Almasri J, Prokop LJ, Heimbach JK, et al. Imaging for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):401–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29487.
Obajimi MO, Atalabi MO, Ogbole GI, Adeniji-Sofoluwe AT, Agunloye AM, Adekanmi AJ, et al. Abdominal ultrasonography in HIV/AIDS patients in southwestern Nigeria. BMC Med Imaging. 2008;8:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2342-8-5.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Merchante N, Figueruela B, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, Rodriguez-Arrondo F, Revollo B, Ibarra S, et al. Low performance of ultrasound surveillance for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2019;33(2):269–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002065.
Comments (0)