Nel C, Frater J. Enhancing broadly neutralising antibody suppression of HIV by immune modulation and vaccination. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1478703.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chun TW et al. Nov., Presence of an inducible HIV-1 latent reservoir during highly active antiretroviral therapy., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 94, no. 24, pp. 13193–13197, 1997.

Ananworanich J, Dubé K, Chomont N. How does the timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation in acute infection affect HIV reservoirs? Curr Opin HIV AIDS. Jan. 2015;10(1):18–28.

Kinloch NN et al. Dec., HIV reservoirs are dominated by genetically younger and clonally enriched proviruses., MBio, vol. 14, no. 6, p. e0241723, 2023.

Anderson EM, Maldarelli F. The role of integration and clonal expansion in HIV infection: live long and prosper Ben Berkhout, Alexander Pasternak. Retrovirology. 2018;15(1):1–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kimata JT, Rice AP, Wang J. Challenges and strategies for the eradication of the HIV reservoir. Curr Opin Immunol. Oct. 2016;42:65–70.

Agosto LM, Henderson AJ. CD4(+) T cell subsets and pathways to HIV latency. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2018;34(9):780–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cameron PU, et al. Establishment of HIV-1 latency in resting CD4 + T cells depends on chemokine-induced changes in the actin cytoskeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(39):16934–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kulpa DA, Chomont N. HIV persistence in the setting of antiretroviral therapy: when, where and how does HIV hide? J Virus Erad. 2015;1:59–66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Micci L, McGary CS, Paiardini M. Animal models in HIV cure research. J Virus Erad. 2015;1(1):17–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kumar N, Chahroudi A, Silvestri G. Animal models to achieve an HIV cure. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. Jul. 2016;11(4):432–41.

Ho YC, et al. Replication-competent noninduced proviruses in the latent reservoir increase barrier to HIV-1 cure. Cell. 2013;155(3):540.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bruner KM, et al. Defective proviruses rapidly accumulate during acute HIV-1 infection. Nat Med. 2016;22(9):1043–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simonetti FR et al. Feb., Clonally expanded CD4 + T cells can produce infectious HIV-1 in vivo., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 113, no. 7, pp. 1883–1888, 2016.

Lee GQ et al. Jun., Clonal expansion of genome-intact HIV-1 in functionally polarized Th1 CD4 + T cells., J. Clin. Invest., vol. 127, no. 7, pp. 2689–2696, 2017.

Abrahams M-R, et al. The replication-competent HIV-1 latent reservoir is primarily established near the time of therapy initiation. Sci Transl Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw5589.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Einkauf KB et al. Parallel analysis of transcription, integration, and sequence of single HIV-1 proviruses. Cell, 185, 2, pp. 266–82.e15, Jan. 2022.

Reddy K et al. Differences in HIV-1 reservoir size, landscape characteristics and decay dynamics in acute and chronic treated HIV-1 Clade C infection, medRxiv, p. 2024.02.16.24302713, Jan. 2024.

Brodin J et al. Nov., Establishment and stability of the latent HIV-1 DNA reservoir., Elife, vol. 5, 2016.

Ikeogu N, Ajibola O, Zayats R, Murooka TT. Identifying physiological tissue niches that support the HIV reservoir in T cells. MBio. 2023;14(5):e0205323.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Macal M, et al. Effective CD4 + T-cell restoration in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected patients is associated with enhanced Th17 cells and polyfunctional HIV-specific T-cell responses. Mucosal Immunol. 2008;1(6):475–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guadalupe M et al. Nov., Severe CD4 + T-cell depletion in gut lymphoid tissue during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and substantial delay in restoration following highly active antiretroviral therapy., J. Virol., vol. 77, no. 21, pp. 11708–11717, 2003.

Wallet C, et al. Microglial cells: the main HIV-1 reservoir in the brain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:362.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang Y et al. Jun., Brain microglia serve as a persistent HIV reservoir despite durable antiretroviral therapy., J. Clin. Invest., vol. 133, no. 12, 2023.

Nühn MM et al. Mar., Microglia Exhibit a Unique Intact HIV Reservoir in Human Postmortem Brain Tissue., Viruses, vol. 17, no. 4, 2025.

Banga R, Perreau M. The multifaceted nature of HIV tissue reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. May 2024;19(3):116–23.

Lau C-Y, Adan MA, Maldarelli F. Why the HIV reservoir never runs dry: clonal expansion and the characteristics of HIV-infected cells challenge strategies to cure and control HIV infection. Viruses. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122512.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu C-L, et al. Relationship between intact HIV-1 proviruses in circulating CD4 + T cells and rebound viruses emerging during treatment interruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(48):E11341–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tyers L et al. Jan., HIV-1 Rebound Virus Consists of a Small Number of Lineages That Entered the Reservoir Close to ART Initiation., bioRxiv Prepr. Serv. Biol., 2025.

Chen J et al. The reservoir of latent HIV. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, vol. 12, 2022.

Massanella M, et al. Long-term effects of early antiretroviral initiation on HIV reservoir markers: a longitudinal analysis of the MERLIN clinical study. Lancet Microbe. May 2021;2(5):e198–209.

Leyre L, et al. Abundant HIV-infected cells in blood and tissues are rapidly cleared upon ART initiation during acute HIV infection. Sci Transl Med. Mar. 2020;12(533):eaav3491.

Chéret A et al. Jul., Combined ART started during acute HIV infection protects central memory CD4 + T cells and can induce remission, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 2108–2120, 2015.

Whitney JB, et al. Prevention of SIVmac251 reservoir seeding in rhesus monkeys by early antiretroviral therapy. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):5429.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chomont N et al. Aug., HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation., Nat. Med., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 893–900, 2009.

Peluso MJ, et al. Differential decay of intact and defective proviral DNA in HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JCI Insight. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.132997.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vela LC et al. Nov., Profound reduction of HIV-1 reservoir cells over 3 decades of antiretroviral therapy started in early infancy., JCI insight, vol. 10, no. 1, 2024.

Deng K, et al. Broad CTL response is required to clear latent HIV-1 due to dominance of escape mutations. Nature. Jan. 2015;517(7534):381–5.

Sedaghat AR, Siliciano JD, Brennan TP, Wilke CO, Siliciano RF. Limits on Replenishment of the Resting CD4 + T Cell Reservoir for HIV in Patients on HAART. PLOS Pathog. Aug. 2007;3(8):e122.

Hong FF, Mellors JW. Changes in HIV reservoirs during long-term antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. Jan. 2015;10(1):43–8.

Yeh Y-HJ, Yang K, Razmi A, Ho Y-C. The Clonal Expansion Dynamics of the HIV-1 Reservoir: Mechanisms of Integration Site-Dependent Proliferation and HIV-1 Persistence., Viruses, vol. 13, no. 9, Sep. 2021.

Sengupta S, Siliciano RF. Targeting the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1. Immunity. May 2018;48(5):872–95.

Fidler S et al. Mar., Antiretroviral therapy alone versus antiretroviral therapy with a kick and kill approach, on measures of the HIV reservoir in participants with recent HIV infection (the RIVER trial): a phase 2, randomised trial., Lancet (London, England), vol. 395, no. 10227, pp. 888–898, 2020.

Sadowski I, Hashemi FB. Strategies to eradicate HIV from infected patients: elimination of latent provirus reservoirs. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;76(18):3583–600.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gruell H, et al. Effect of 3BNC117 and romidepsin on the HIV-1 reservoir in people taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ROADMAP): a randomised, open-label, phase 2A trial. Lancet Microbe. Mar. 2022;3(3):e203–14.

Mousseau G, Valente S. Strategies to block HIV transcription: focus on small molecule Tat inhibitors. Biology (Basel). 2012;1(3):668–97.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mousseau G, Kessing CF, Fromentin R, Trautmann L, Chomont N, Valente ST. The Tat Inhibitor Didehydro-Cortistatin A Prevents HIV-1 Reactivation from Latency. MBio. Jul. 2015;6(4):e00465.

Battistini A, Sgarbanti M. HIV-1 latency: an update of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Viruses. 2014;6(4):1715–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang G, Zhao N, Berkhout B, Das AT. CRISPR-Cas based antiviral strategies against HIV-1. Virus Res. Jan. 2018;244:321–32.

Qu X et al. Sep., Zinc-finger-nucleases mediate specific and efficient excision of HIV-1 proviral DNA from infected and latently infected human T cells., Nucleic Acids Res., vol. 41, no. 16, pp. 7771–7782, 2013.

Yin C, et al. Vivo Excision of HIV-1 Provirus by saCas9 and Multiplex Single-Guide RNAs in Animal Models. Mol Ther. May 2017;25(5):1168–86.

Qu X et al. Sep., Zinc finger nuclease: a new approach for excising HIV-1 proviral DNA from infected human T cells., Mol. Biol. Rep., vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 5819–5827, 2014.

Pablo T, et al. Gene Editing of CCR5 in Autologous CD4 T Cells of Persons Infected with HIV. N Engl J Med. May 2025;370(10):901–10.

Hütter G, et al. Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(7):692–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu L et al. Sep., CRISPR-Edited Stem Cells in a Patient with HIV and Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia., N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 381, no. 13, pp. 1240–1247, 2019.

Zhen A, et al. Long-term persistence and function of hematopoietic stem cell-derived chimeric antigen receptor T cells in a nonhuman primate model of HIV/AIDS. PLoS Pathog. Dec. 2017;13(12):e1006753.

Lu C-L et al. Enhanced clearance of HIV-1-infected cells by broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 in vivo. Science, 352, 6288, pp. 1001–4, May 2016.

Caskey M, et al. Antibody 10-1074 suppresses viremia in HIV-1-infected individuals. Nat Med. 2017;23(2):185–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mendoza P, et al. Combination therapy with anti-HIV-1 antibodies maintains viral suppression. Nature. 2018;561(7724):479–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suryawanshi P, Bagul R, Shete A, Thakar M. Anti-HIV-1 ADCC and HIV-1 Env can be partners in reducing latent HIV reservoir. Front Immunol. 2021;12:663919.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yates NL et al. Mar., Vaccine-induced Env V1-V2 IgG3 correlates with lower HIV-1 infection risk and declines soon after vaccination., Sci. Transl. Med., vol. 6, no. 228, p. 228ra39, 2014.

Madhavi V et al. Feb., Antibody-dependent effector functions against HIV decline in subjects receiving antiretroviral therapy., J. Infect. Dis., vol. 211, no. 4, pp. 529–538, 2015.

Ackerman ME et al. Mar., A robust, high-throughput assay to determine the phagocytic activity of clinical antibody samples., J. Immunol. Methods, vol. 366, no. 1–2, pp. 8–19, 2011.

Walker-Sperling VE, Pohlmeyer CW, Tarwater PM, Blankson JN. The Effect of Latency Reversal Agents on Primary CD8 + T Cells: Implications for Shock and Kill Strategies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Eradication. EBioMedicine. Jun. 2016;8:217–29.

Barouch DH, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of potent neutralizing HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies in SHIV-infected rhesus monkeys. Nature. 2013;503(7475):224–8.