Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020. GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.
Yang JD, Hainaut P, Gores GJ, Amadou A, Plymoth A, Roberts LR. A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):589–604.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, Ferrer-Fàbrega J, Burrel M, Garcia-Criado Á, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681–93.
Sangro B, Argemi J, Ronot M, Paradis V, Meyer T, Mazzaferro V, et al. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2025;82(2):315–74.
Inchingolo R, Posa A, Mariappan M, Spiliopoulos S. Locoregional treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma: current evidence and future directions. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(32):4614–28.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Memon K, Lewandowski RJ, Kulik L, Riaz A, Mulcahy MF, Salem R. Radioembolization for primary and metastatic liver cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2011;21(4):294–302.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Makary MS, Krishner LS, Wuthrick EJ, Bloomston MP, Dowell JD. Yttrium-90 microsphere selective internal radiation therapy for liver metastases following systemic chemotherapy and surgical resection for metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. World J Clin Oncol. 2018;9(1):20.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Garin E, Tselikas L, Guiu B, Chalaye J, Edeline J, de Baere T, et al. Personalised versus standard dosimetry approach of selective internal radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (DOSISPHERE-01): a randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(1):17–29.
Hiatt JR, Gabbay J, Busuttil RW. Surgical anatomy of the hepatic arteries in 1000 cases. Ann Surg. 1994;220(1):50–2.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Afrasiabi A, du Pisanie JL, Gholami B, Wang H, Gad S, Kokabi N. Post-Y90 PET dosimetry. PET Clin. 2025;20(3):291–8.
Webster LA, Villalobos A, Majdalany BS, Bercu ZL, Gandhi RT, Kokabi N. Standard radiation dosimetry models: what interventional radiologists need to know. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2021;38(4):405–11.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chiesa C, Sjogreen-Gleisner K, Walrand S, Strigari L, Flux G, Gear J, et al. EANM dosimetry committee series on standard operational procedures: a unified methodology for 99mTc-MAA pre- and 90Y peri-therapy dosimetry in liver radioembolization with 90Y microspheres. EJNMMI Phys. 2021;8(1):77.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kolligs F, Arnold D, Golfieri R, Pech M, Peynircioglu B, Pfammatter T, et al. Factors impacting survival after transarterial radioembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: results from the prospective CIRT study. JHEP Rep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100633.
Orcutt ST, Anaya DA. Liver resection and surgical strategies for management of primary liver cancer. Cancer Control. 2018;25(1):1073274817744621.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim Y-s, Lim HK, Rhim H, Lee MW, Choi D, Lee WJ, et al. Ten-year outcomes of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation as first-line therapy of early hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of prognostic factors. J Hepatol. 2013;58(1):89–97.
Biederman DM, Titano JJ, Korff RA, Fischman AM, Patel RS, Nowakowski FS, et al. Radiation segmentectomy versus selective chemoembolization in the treatment of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018;29(1):30-e372.
Nault J-C, Sutter O, Nahon P, Ganne-Carrié N, Séror O. Percutaneous treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: state of the art and innovations. J Hepatol. 2018;68(4):783–97.
Pardo F, Sangro B, Lee R-C, Manas D, Jeyarajah R, Donckier V, et al. The post-SIR-spheres surgery study (P4S): retrospective analysis of safety following hepatic resection or transplantation in patients previously treated with selective internal radiation therapy with Yttrium-90 resin microspheres. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24(9):2465–73.
Salem R, Johnson GE, Kim E, Riaz A, Bishay V, Boucher E, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization for the treatment of solitary, unresectable HCC: the LEGACY study. Hepatology. 2021;74(5):2342–52.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Salem R, Thurston KG. Radioembolization with 90Yttrium microspheres: a state-of-the-art brachytherapy treatment for primary and secondary liver malignancies: part 1: technical and methodologic considerations. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17(8):1251–78.
Riaz A, Gates VL, Atassi B, Lewandowski RJ, Mulcahy MF, Ryu RK, et al. Radiation segmentectomy: a novel approach to increase safety and efficacy of radioembolization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(1):163–71.
Lewandowski RJ, Gabr A, Abouchaleh N, Ali R, Al Asadi A, Mora RA, et al. Radiation segmentectomy: potential curative therapy for early hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 2018;287(3):1050–8.
Vouche M, Habib A, Ward TJ, Kim E, Kulik L, Ganger D, et al. Unresectable solitary hepatocellular carcinoma not amenable to radiofrequency ablation: multicenter radiology-pathology correlation and survival of radiation segmentectomy. Hepatology. 2014;60(1):192–201.
Kim E, Sher A, Abboud G, Schwartz M, Facciuto M, Tabrizian P, et al. Radiation segmentectomy for curative intent of unresectable very early to early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (RASER): a single-centre, single-arm study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(9):843–50.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Salem R, Padia SA, Toskich BB, Callahan JD, Fowers KD, Geller BS, et al. Radiation segmentectomy for early hepatocellular carcinoma is curative. J Hepatol. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2025.01.005.
Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(11):693–700.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gabr A, Riaz A, Johnson GE, Kim E, Padia S, Lewandowski RJ, et al. Correlation of Y90-absorbed radiation dose to pathological necrosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: confirmatory multicenter analysis in 45 explants. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48(2):580–3.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Serra C, Cucchetti A, Felicani C, Mosconi C, De Cinque A, Golfieri R, et al. Assessment of radiofrequency ablation efficacy for hepatocellular carcinoma by histology and pretransplant radiology. Liver Transpl. 2019;25(1):88–97.
Montazeri SA, De la Garza-Ramos C, Lewis AR, Lewis JT, LeGout JD, Sella DM, Paz-Fumagalli R, Devcic Z, Ritchie CA, Frey GT, Vidal L, Croome KP, McKinney JM, Harnois D, Krishnan S, Patel T, Toskich BB. Hepatocellular carcinoma radiation segmentectomy treatment intensification prior to liver transplantation increases rates of complete pathologic necrosis: an explant analysis of 75 tumors. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49(11):3892–7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sarwar A, Malik MS, Vo NH, Tsai LL, Tahir MM, Curry MP, et al. Efficacy and safety of radiation segmentectomy with (90)Y resin microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 2024;311(2):e231386.
Comments (0)