1Andrés Molero-Chamizo et al. 8Post stroke pain and spasticityThree stroke patients(2-Females, (Age- 43 & 72) , 1-Male, (Age- 57))Motor cortexAnode- Right motor cortex, Cathode- Left motor cortex, C3/C4 according to the 10-20 EEg electrode placement methodV 3.1.2Electric field intensity- 0.36 V/mSpasticity improved with varying inter-individual variability.2Paulo J. C. Suen et al. 9DepressionMajor depressive disorder during an acute depressive episode per DSM-5 criteria (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition)16 (n) Patients (Aged between 18-75 years)DLPFC & ACCAnode- F5, Cathode-F6.V 3.1Electric field intensity- 0-0.63 V/mAssociation observed between simulated E-field and DLPFC/ACC and depression scores.3Shinya Uenishi et al. 10Schizophrenia and mood disordersMajor depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, healthy controls.Major depressive disorder (n = 23), bipolar disorder (n = 24), schizophrenia (n = 23), and healthy controls (n = 23).Frontal lobeAnode- F3, Cathode-F4.V 2.1.1Not mentionedThe groups diagnosed with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder exhibited notably reduced e-field strength at the 99.5th percentile when compared to the E- field strength observed in the healthy control group.4Karin Prillinger et al. 11Autism Spectrum DisorderFulfilling International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria for ASD and diagnosed with ASD from a trained professional using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised 6120 (n) male participants (aged 12–17 years)DLPFCAnode at F3 and Cathode Fp2-supraorbital)V 3.10- 1.0 mV/mmOn-going study.5Helen L. Carlson et al. 12Perinatal stroke (PS)Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) or periventricular infarction (PVI)] and typically developing controls (TDC)AIS (n= 21), PVI (n= 30), TDC (n=32).Motor cortexMontage-1 (Anode (A)- C3/C4, Cathode (C)- Fp1/Fp2) Montage-2 (A- Fp1/Fp2, C- C3/C4) Montage-3 (A- C3/C4, C-C3/C4) Montage-4 (4×1, A-C3, C- CP5, FC5, FC1, and CP1) Montage-5 (4×1, C-C3, A- CP5, FC5, FC1, and CP1)V 3.2.3For Montages- (1-3) - 0- 0.4 V/m. For Montages- (4-5) - 0- 0.25 V/m.Children with Acquired Ischemic Stroke (AIS), tDCS configurations employing active anodes positioned over the damaged cortex exhibit variations in electric field (EF) intensity when contrasted with a control group.6Andreia S. Videira et al. 13Cognitively NormalSimNIBS head modelStandard brain (n=1)Whole brain regionsAnode- C3, Cathode- C1, Cz, C2, C5, Cp1, FC5, T7, FC3, TP7, F3, AF3, TP9, Pz, Cp3, P2, P3, PO3.V 3.2One anode, Five cathode configuration. 0.265- 0.585 V/m.Crucial factor in determining the distribution of the electric field is the spacing between electrodes, rather than the quantity of electrodes used. It shows that achieving precise stimulation with fewer electrodes can be effective.7Yuki Mizutani-Tiebel et al. 14Depression, Schizophrenia.Subjects had a primary diagnosis of MDD according to the DSM-5 criteria. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-21) score was equal to or greater than 15. SCZ were diagnosed with ICD-10 F20MDD (n = 25), SCZ (n = 24), HC (n = 25). Total- 74.Frontal lobeAnode-F3, Cathode-F4V 2.0.1Average 0- 0.3 V/m, Standard Deviation (SD)- 0- 0.2 V/m.There were notable distinctions in electric field strengths between clinical and non-clinical groups, along with a general variation among individuals.8Laurie Zawertailo et al. 16Smoking cessationHealthy smokers, standard varenicline treatment concurrently for the 12-week.50 healthy non-smokersFrontal lobe (DLPFC)Anode-F3, Cathode-F4Not mentioned.0-0.224 V/mMerging both interventions (i.e. Varenicline & tDCS) has the potential to enhance quitting success rates compared to using either treatment alone, offering smokers a more potent and efficacious choice for their treatment.9Ziping Huang et al. 17Pathological neuroimagingAssigned with stroke lesion11 subjects with pathological abnormalityFrontal lobeAnode-FPz, Cathode-OzV 3.2.3 V 4.0Mean absolute difference = 27.98% among 11 subjects for E- field strength.Study focuses on comparison for choosing various EF modelling pipeline with pathological abnormality.10Eva Mezger et al. 18Brain Glutamate levels and resting state connectivity.Healthy controls25 subjects (12- women & 8- men)Pre-frontal cortexAnode-F3, Cathode-F4V 2.0Activated voxels (mean=7620, sd=1676) compared to men (mean=3141, sd=1968)Differences in concentration of Glu levels between male and female participants.11Athena Stein et al. 19Traumatic brain injuryHealthy controls (HC), mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), severe traumatic brain injury (svTBI).43 patients (17- HC, 17- mTBI, 9- SvTBI)Frontal lobe (DLPFC)Anode-F3, Cathode-F4V 3.2HC- 0- 0.41 V/m, mTBI- 0- 0.71 V/m, svTBI- 0- 0.83 V/m.The limited capability of T1 anatomical scans to detect white matter injury and microstructural damage.12Silvie Baumann et al. 21Anorexia nervosa (AN)Ages of 18 and 65 with the diagnosis of AN43 inpatients with AN, active (n = 22), sham (n = 21).Left DLPFCAnode-F3, Cathode-Fp2V 3.20- 0.368 V/mtDCS has the potential to offer valuable assistance to individuals dealing with enduring body image concerns or obsessive calorie control behaviors, which are crucial factors in achieving remission.13Hamed Ekhtiari et al. 22Drug cuesDiagnosed with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) in the last 12 monthsSixty participants (all-male, mean age ± SD= 35.86 ± 8.47 years ranging from 20 to 55)Right DLPFCAnode-F4, Cathode-Fp1V 3.20- 0.35 V/mThe study revealed significant changes in brain activity over time among different groups when analyzing task-based fMRI data. The active stimulation group, which received tDCS, displayed increased functional activity. This increase in brain activity was strongly influenced by the individual effects of tDCS-induced executive functions, suggesting that tDCS played a regulatory role during cue exposure.14Dayana Hayek et al. 62Cognitive enhancementHealthy106 Participants, 50–82 years, mean age: 67 years, SD : 7 yearsInferior frontal gyrus (IFG), Sensorimotor (M1), Temporoparietal (TP)Study- 1- A/C- FC5/Fp2 Study- 2- A/C- C3/Fp2 Study- 3- A/C- T6/Fp1 Study- 4- A/C- T6/Fp1 Study- 5- A/C- Cp5/Fp2V 3.20- 0.2 V/mIndividuals carrying alleles that have been previously associated with lower cognitive abilities, such as the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) allele, displayed a stronger behavioral response to tDCS.15SajjadAnoushiravani et al. 24Sports performanceProfessional gymnasts20 Participants (mean age=21.05±2.04)Premotor cortexPremotor stimulation- Two anode- Two cathode configuration (A1/A2- C3/C4) - (C1/C2- Fp1/Fp2). Cerebellar stimulation- (A1/A2- O9/O10) - (C1/C2- Fp1/Fp2).V 3.2.30- 0.71 V/mStimulating the premotor cortex had a more significant effect on enhancing peak performance, while cerebellar stimulation specifically improved performance in the straddle lift to handstand test, emphasizing strength and coordination.16Kevin A. Caulfield et al. 28Working memory improvementHealthy28 HC (15 women, mean age = 73.7, SD = 7.3), active 2 mA (N = 14) or sham (N = 14).DLPFCAnode-F4, Cathode-F3V 3.1.10- 0.40 V/mIncreasing the intensity of tDCS in DLPFC has a more pronounced positive effect on working memory.17M. A. Bertocci et al. 34Bipolar disorderBipolar Disorder type-I (remitted: >2 months euthymic and not psychotic.Bipolar Disorder (n = 27), HC (n = 31)Left vlPFCAnode-Contralateral shoulder, Cathode-F7Not mentioned.(- ) 0.15- (+) 0.15 V/mThese findings provide valuable proof of concept for the potential use of cathodal tDCS over the left vlPFC as an intervention for Bipolar Disorder.18Luise Victoria Claaß et al. 27Working memory performanceHealthyn= 36, s (mean age=26.97 years, SD: 3.53, 18 women)L-DLPFCAnode-F3, Cathode-Super orbital areaV 2.10 – 0.15 V/ma-tDCS (Anodal tDCS) applied on L-DLPFC decreases functional connectivity with parietal cortex.19Hafez Teymoori et al. 41Physical, psychological, cognitive performance.MNI 152 head modeln = 1, MNI head modelPrimary motor cortex (PMC) / L-DLPFC.Anode-F3, Cathode-AF8 (L-DLPFC) Anode-Cz, Cathode-Left shoulder (PMC)V 4.0.00 – 0.4 V/mPositive effects were observed in various aspects, including the participants' rating of perceived exertion (RPE), electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle, emotional valence, perceptual responses (measured using the circumplex model of affect), and cognitive function with a-tDCS on L-DLPFC.20Adriana Costa-Ribeiro et al. 63Parkinson’s diseaseIdiopathic Parkinson’s diseasen = 56, with diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.L-DLPFC, Right contralateral supraorbital frontal cortexAnode-F3, Cathode-Fp2V 2.1On-going clinical trial.On-going clinical trial.21Marko Živanović et al. 44Associative memoryHealthyHC (n=40) 22–35 years of age (25.15±3.66 years, 25 females)Posterior parietal cortex (PPC)Anode-P3, Cathode-Contralateral cheekV 3.1.60 – 0.321 V/mtES techniques had a positive influence on short-term AM performance. Anodal tDCS was particularly effective when the memory demand was relatively low, whereas theta-modulated tACS and theta-modulated oscillatory stimulation (otDCS) were more beneficial in situations where the memory load was high.22Fenne M. Smits et al. 26Stress regulationHealthyHC- (n=79)R-DLPFCAnode: F4, Cathode: behind C2V 3.2.30 – 0.5 V/mtDCS had a short-term positive effect on emotional working memory performance, but this effect was limited to the early stages of the training.23Tulika Nandi et al. 64Neurotransmitter quantificationHealthyLeft primary motor cortex (M1, 3 studies, n = 24) or right temporal cortex (2 studies, n = 32)Lateral occipital complex,Anode: lateral occipital complex Cathode: supra-orbital ridgeV 3.20 – 0.25 V/m (M1) 0 – 0.27 V/m (Temporal cortex)Study has revealed a significant link between the strength of the electric field (E-field) in the MRS voxel of the primary motor cortex (M1) and a reduction in Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels.24Ahsan Khan et al. 29Cognitive enhancementHealthyHC- (n= 20) (15 males- 5 females)DLPFCAnode: Fz, Cathode: cheekV 3.0.10 – 0.43 V/mtDCS stimulation successfully reached and influenced deep brain structures, particularly the cingulate, altering its activity. Decrease in the resting-state functional connectivity between ACC and subcortical brain regions both during and after the stimulation period.25Heiko Pohl et al. 65Episodic Migraine PreventionHealthyHC- (n= 28)Visual cortexAnode: Oz, Cathode: CzV 2.10 – 0.2 V/mLowers the number of monthly migraine days upon the tDCS stimulation on visual cortex.26Laura C. Rice et al. 66HealthyHealthy43 participants (15 males, 28 females; 23.3 ± 3.0 years oldParietal cortexAnode: Right parietal cortex Cathode: right jaw boneV 2.10 – 0.313 V/mThe behavioral task performance and the patterns of activation relevant to the task are influenced differently by distinct sub regions of the cerebellum involved in both sensorimotor and cognitive functions.27Vahid Nejati et al. 47Verbal Fluency in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHDChildren with ADHDn = 37, Clinically diagnosed with ADHD.DLPFC, vmPFCAnode: F3, Cathode: Fp2 & vice versa. Anode: F4, Cathode: Contralateral arm, Anode: F8, Cathode: Contralateral armNot mentioned.0 – 0.563 V/m, 0 – 0.544 V/mThe research findings suggest that stimulating the left (DLPFC) with anodal stimulation leads to better performance in phonemic fluency tasks, whereas anodal stimulation of the right DLPFC and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) enhances performance in semantic verbal fluency tasks.28Kilian Abellaneda-Pérez et al. 30Cognitive enhancementHealthyn = 31, HC, ([mean age ± standard deviation (SD), 71.68 ± 2.5 years; age range, 68 – 77 years; 19 females; years of education mean ± SD, 12.29 ± 4.0 years)Front parietal, Posteromedial cortexFrontoparietal cortical overactivity (C1) (AF7, F4, FC5, P3, P4, P7, P8 and Cz) , Posteromedial cortex (C2) (AF3, C3, C4, F4, FC6, Fpz, Oz and Cz)V 3.0.70 – 0.1 V/m,Findings underscore the effectiveness of multifocal tDCS procedures in altering neural functioning during aging as demonstrated by changes in rs-fMRI data. The observed modulation aligns with the spatial distribution of the electric current simulated in the brain.29Eva Mezger et al. 36Schizophrenia and left frontal lesionHealthy, Non-lesioned Schizophrenia patient, Schizophrenia patient with morphological abnormalities.n = 3, HC, Schizophrenia with non-lesioned and morphological abnormalitiesL-DLPFC, Left temporoparietal junction.Anode-F3, Cathode-Tp3V 2.0.1Peak electric fields HC - 1.114 V/m Non-lesioned Schizophrenia patient – 0.76 V/m Schizophrenia patient with morphological abnormalities – 0.942 V/m.E-field simulations indicated a comparable current distribution to a non-lesioned schizophrenia patient but with lower peak densities than those observed in a healthy control group.30Roderick P.P.W.M. Maas et al. 67Skin cerebellar distance & morphometric posterior fossa parametersHealthyn = 37, Healthy subjectsVermis and hemispheres of the anterior and posterior lobeAnode-Iz, Cathode-FpzV 3.0.60 – 0.5 V/mApart from the distance between the skin and the cerebellum, variations in the structure of the posterior fossa, particularly the angles of the pons and cerebellum, contribute to explaining some of the fluctuations in the strength of the electric field induced by cerebellar tDCS. Moreover, when applying tDCS to the central region of the cerebellum, using a reference electrode placed outside the head is linked to reduced field strengths and improved precision in targeting the field compared to using electrodes on the head.31Naifu Jiang et al. 68Chronic low back painHistory of nonspecific (Lower back pain) LBP for more than 3 monthsn = 60, with LBP, Age 18-65 yearsLeft central lobeAnode-C3, Cathode-Contralateral supraorbital areaV 2.1.20 – 0.817 V/mDecrease in pain intensity with no significant alteration in back muscle activity. 32Carys Evans et al. 52Current direction analysisT1 weighted MRI scans of healthy subjectsn = 50, T1-weighted MRI from human connectome project (HCP)Motor cortexPosterior-anterior (PA) montage (A- CP3, C- FCz), Medio-lateral (ML) montage (A- CPz, C- FC3), conventional montage (A-C1, C- Fp2)V 3.2PA- 0.218–0.785 V/m, ML- 0.209–0.606 V/m, conventional - 0.129–0.431 V/mPosition of electrodes can be optimized and determined to get maximum current radially inward or outward for analysis of effects of tDCS in individual. 33Valentina Alfonsi et al. 69Sleepiness and vigilanceHealthyn = 33, (12- males, 11- females, age – 24-37 years , mean age 29.73 ± 3.44 yearsFrontal lobeAnode-F4, Cathode-F3V 2.10- 0.8 V/mtDCS to the frontal cortical regions can serve as an effective method to counteract the rise in the tendency to sleep and the decrease in alertness in individuals who are grappling with elevated levels of daytime sleepiness. 34Ilse Verveer et al. 38Analysis of impulsivityHealthyn = 30, 7- Males, 16- Females with Right handed and aged between 18-55 yearsPre-frontal cortexHD-tDCS, A –Fz, C - (Fp1, Fp2, F7, and F8)V 2.00- 0.35 V/mHD-tDCS can alter the impulsivity by modulating neurophysiological components. 35Parisa Banaei et al. 31Cognitive enhancement under Hypoxic conditionMNI 152 standard head modelStandard head modelPrimary motor cortex, L-DLPFCAnode-Cz/F3, Cathode-Fpz, AFzV 4.0.00- 0.3 V/mImproves cognitive endurance performance in hypoxia. 36Rémy Bation et al. 20Obsessive compulsive disorderSubjects with OCD symptoms defined by Yale-brown obsessive compulsive score (YBOCS)n= 21, right handed, duration of illness (22.9 mean), mean age – 44.8Right cerebellum, Orbitofrontal cortexAnode-Right cerebellum , Cathode-Fp1V 2.0.10 – 1 V/mNon-effective outcome of tDCS treatment with the anode-cathode placement on Right cerebellum and Orbitofrontal cortex. 37Ghazaleh Soleimani et al. 23Electric field patterns upon tDCS stimulation.Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD)n= 66, mean age standard deviation (SD)=35.86±8.47 years ranges from 20 to 55DLPFCMontage-1 (A- F4, C- Fp1) Montage-2 (A-F4, C-F3)V 3.0.80- 0.6 V/mThe study suggests that understanding these network-level effects may clarify the extent of tDCS impact on the brain and proposes a method for future research using group-level analysis of brain networks to study tDCS effects and variability due to individual differences and electrode placement. 38Wang On Li et al. 70Time perceptionHealthyn = 70, HealthyR- DLPFC, Right cerebellumR-DLPFC (A-FC6, C- FC5)V 2.1.10- 0.39 V/mThere is a cross-relation between attention and subjective time perception during and after the tDCS stimulation. 39Andrés Molero-Chamizo et al. 53Variability in E-field for different montage selectionStandard head modeln=1, Standard head modelM1- Motor cortex, DLPFC, Posterior parietal cortex - PPC20 Different positions for anode and cathode (Refer 53)V 2.10.19- 0.514 V/m Maximum electric field strengthSimNIBS offers reliable results for electric field strength when compared to its counterpart COMETS in standard head model. 40Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt et al. 42Cognitive controlHealthyn = 35, HealthyR-DLPFCAnode-F4, Cathode- Contralateral supraorbital areaV 4.0.00 – 0.531 V/mApplying tDCS to the right PFC led to decreased resource allocation and a decline in cognitive performance in both proactive and reactive control modes. 41Utkarsh Pancholi et al. 54Change in electrode parametersCognitively Normaln = 1, Cognitively normalDLPFCAnode-F3, Cathode-F4V 3.2.60.264 – 0.308 V/mShape and size of the electrode changes electric field strength and focality in a single subject. 42Mohsen Mosayebi-Samani et al. 71Transferability of c (Cathodal)-tDCS from M1 to PFC.Healthyn = 18, Healthy, (11- males, 7- Females)Left motor cortex, left prefrontal cortexM1-stimulation (A-C3, C- contralateral supraorbital region), PFC stimulation (A-F3, C- contralateral supraorbital region)V 3.2.30 – 0.15 V/mThe results indicate that low- and high-dosage tDCS applied to the motor cortex led to a reduction in the early positive peak of TMS-evoked potentials (TEP) and MEP amplitudes. However, a medium dosage of motor cortex tDCS showed an enhancement in amplitude. In contrast, prefrontal tDCS, regardless of dosage, consistently reduced the amplitudes of the early positive TEP peak. 43Lynn Marquardt et al. 72Dichotic listeningHealthyn= 32, (18 male/14 female) was 26 ± 4.8 years (range = 20–39).L-DLPFC, Temporo-parietal cortex (TPC)Anode-CP5, Cathode-AF4V 2.1.2M (mean) = 0.77 ± 0.144 V/m, 99% of Peak electric fieldstDCS showed minimal to negligible impact on dichotic listening, glutamate and glutamine (Glx) levels, and functional activity. 44Silvia Oliver-Mas et al. 73Post-COVID fatigueCOVID patientsn = 47, 45 ± 9 years old, 78% Females, 20 ± 6 months after the detection of COVID virus infectionL-DLPFCAnode-F3, Cathode- Contralateral supraorbital regionV 4.0.00 – 0.3 V/mIn post-COVID situation, tDCS could play a vital role to for potential benefit in physical fatigue upon stimulation on L-DLPFC. 45Fabio Masina et al. 74Behavioral and neurophysiological analysisHealthyn = 30, (15 males and 15 females) Age- 19- 30 year old, (mean age=23.4, standard deviation (SD)=1.9; mean education=16.2, SD=1.3)Fronto-parietal lobeAnode-C3, Cathode- Contralateral left shoulder HD-tDCS- Anode- C4, Cathode- FC2, FC6, CP2, CP6V 3.2Conventional montage: Peak electric fields – 0.366 V/m, HD-tDCS- Peak electric fields- 0.225 V/mHD-tDCS resulted in a decrease in alpha power for individuals with lower baseline alpha levels, while Conventional tDCS led to a reduction in beta power for those with higher baseline beta levels. Conventional and HD-tDCS had unique effects on cortical activity. 46Akihiro Watanabe et al. 75Early dexterity skillsHeathyn = 70, Healthy participants, aged 20–30 yearsL-DLPFCAnode-F3, Cathode- Fp2V 3.20 – 0.4 V/mtDCS can significantly improve early dexterity skill upon left DLPFC. 47Anant B Shinde et al. 76Cerebral blood flow and motor behaviorHealthyn = 32, 15-Males, 17- Females, Mean age: 34.2 (SD: 13.5)Right precentral gyrus, supra-orbital region, left precentral gyrusUnihemispheric montages (A-C4, C- Fp1) Bihemispheric Montages (A-C4, C- C3)V 2.1Not mentionedAt an increased dosage and regardless of its polarity, tDCS has a beneficial impact on a broader array of sensorimotor regions. 48Maria Carla Piastra et al. 77Chronic stroke volume conductor head modelsStroke patientsn =16, Chronic stroke patientsPrimary motor cortexIspi-lesional primary motor cortex (A- C3, C- Fp2), Contra-lesional primary motor cortex (A- C4, C- Fp1)V 3.00.43 – 1.29 V/mChronic stroke patients having lesion in the brain carries varied conductivity values so as electric field strength. Estimation of lesion conductivity values helps for optimization of electrode location. Focality and dose parameters to achieve desired E-field values. 49P. Šimko et al. 49Cognitive trainingHealthy aged peoplen = 25, 17- women, 8 – men, Mean & SD : (68:84 ± 4:65 years oldRight middle frontal gyrus (MFG), Right superior parietal lobule (SPL)Bi-frontal montage – (A- F3, C – Fp2), Right Frontoparietal montage – (A- Fp2, C- P4)V 3.0Not mentionedThe combined tDCS and cognitive training approach appeared to promote greater functional connectivity between certain brain regions belonging to the frontoparietal control network, particularly on the left side of the brain. This enhanced connectivity could be one of the mechanisms responsible for the observed improvement in cognitive performance. 50Davide Perrotta et al. 78Stroop errors analysisHealthyn = 12, 6 –Males, 6- Females, Cognitively normal and healthy subjectsInferior frontal gyrus (IFG) , DLPFCExperiment-1, (A- Between T4-Fz, C- Between F8-Cz) Likewise 3 more experiments with varying electrode locations to analyze effects of tDCSV 3.20 – 0.372 V/m for experiment- 1, Please refer 78 for more detailsStudy indicated that when anodal stimulation was applied (anodal stimulation typically involves an increase in neural excitability), it led to a reduction in errors during the task. 51Nadine Schmidt et al. 45Memory and attention controlHealthyn = 105, Healthy participants, 60–75 years of ageRight inferior frontal lobe (montage-1), left inferior frontal lobe (Montage-2), right superior parietal lobe Montage-3)HD-tDCS, Montage-1 (Central anode: FC6), Montage-2 ((Central anode: FC5), Montage-3 (Central anode: P4), Cathode for all montages: 3.5 cm away from central electrodeV 3.2.6Study protocol, ongoingOngoing 52Toni Muffel et al. 79Sensorimotor performanceHealthyn = 45, 12 females, 33- males, 60 to 80 years (mean age: 69.4 ± 4.9 years)Primary somatosensory cortexAnode: C3, Cathode: Contralateral orbitV 2.10 – 0.15 V/mStimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) has contrasting impacts on proprioceptive accuracy depending on an individual's age. Employing modeling techniques could aid in uncovering the intricate connection between tDCS protocols, brain structure, and the modulation of performance.