Fakhoury M, Negrulj R, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and treatments. J Inflamm Res. 2014;7:113–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shan Y, Lee M, Chang EB. The gut microbiome and inflammatory bowel diseases. Annu Rev Med. 2022;73:455–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chew DCH, Khoo XH, Lee TS, Chin KY, Raja Ali RA, Muhammad Nawawi KN, et al. A systematic review on the increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Southeast Asia: looking beyond the urbanization phenomenon. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2024;30(9):1566–78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Selvaratnam S, Gullino S, Shim L, Lee E, Lee A, Paramsothy S, et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in South America: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(47):6866–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caron B, Honap S. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease across the ages in the era of advanced therapies. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18(Suppl_2):ii3-15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilson M, McNab R, Henderson B. Bacterial disease mechanisms: an introduction to cellular microbiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.

Book  Google Scholar 

Gordon H, Minozzi S, Kopylov U, Verstockt B, Chaparro M, Buskens C, et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in Crohn’s disease: medical treatment. J Crohns Colitis. 2024;18(10):1531–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirchgesner J, Lemaitre M, Rudnichi A, Racine A, Zureik M, Carbonnel F, et al. Therapeutic management of inflammatory bowel disease in real-life practice in the current era of anti-TNF agents: analysis of the French administrative health databases 2009–2014. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(1):37–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berg DR, Colombel J-F, Ungaro R. The role of early biologic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019;25(12):1896–905.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fernandes SR, Rodrigues IBC, Da Silva Neves A, Saraiva S, Rita Gonçalves A, Valente A, et al. P0808 early top-down treatment improves transmural remission rates in Crohn’s disease: a risk-adjusted propensity score matched analysis. J Crohns Colitis. 2025;19(Suppl._1):i1547.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ochi M, Niikura R. Comparison of inflammatory bowel disease relapse after top-down or step-up therapy: a population-based cohort study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2021;36(10):2227–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dignass A, Esters P, Flauaus C. Upadacitinib in Crohn’s disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2024;25(4):359–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosen H, Roberts E. The discovery and development of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator ozanimod in ulcerative colitis. Adv Pharmacol. 2024;101:183–202.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Haens G, Dubinsky MC, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S, Sands BE, Wolf DC, et al. P632 Etrasimod induction therapy in moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease: results from a phase 2, randomised, double-blind substudy. J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17(Suppl._1):i764–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Basso PJ, Câmara NOS, Sales-Campos H. Microbial-based therapies in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: an overview of human studies. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9: 1571.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qiao YQ, Cai CW, Ran ZH. Therapeutic modulation of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: more questions to be answered. J Dig Dis. 2016;17(12):800–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim KU, Kim J, Kim WH, Min H, Choi CH. Treatments of inflammatory bowel disease toward personalized medicine. Arch Pharm Res. 2021;44(3):293–309.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Becker HEF, Demers K, Derijks LJJ, Jonkers D, Penders J. Current evidence and clinical relevance of drug-microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1107976.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vieujean S, Louis E. Precision medicine and drug optimization in adult inflammatory bowel disease patients. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2023;16: 17562848231173331.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Voskuil MD, Bangma A, Weersma RK, Festen EAM. Predicting (side) effects for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the promise of pharmacogenetics. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(21):2539–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Velikova T, Sekulovski M. Immunogenicity and loss of effectiveness of biologic therapy for inflammatory bowel disease patients due to anti-drug antibody development. Antibodies. 2024;13(1):16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lazarević S, Đanic M, Al-Salami H, Mooranian A, Mikov M. Gut microbiota metabolism of azathioprine: a new hallmark for personalized drug-targeted therapy of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13: 879170.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mah C, Jayawardana T. Assessing the relationship between the gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease therapeutics: a systematic review. Pathogens. 2023;12(2):262.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caenepeel C. Review article: how the intestinal microbiota may reflect disease activity and influence therapeutic outcome in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;52(9):1453–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pu D, Zhang Z, Feng B. Alterations and potential applications of gut microbiota in biological therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13: 906419.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Estevinho MM, Rocha C, Correia L, Lago P, Ministro P, Portela F, et al. Features of fecal and colon microbiomes associate with responses to biologic therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(5):1054–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ribaldone DG, Caviglia GP, Abdulle A, Pellicano R, Ditto MC, Morino M, et al. Adalimumab therapy improves intestinal dysbiosis in Crohn’s disease. J Clin Med. 2019;8(10): 1646.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pan Y, Zhang H, Li M, He T, Guo S, Zhu L. Novel approaches in IBD therapy: targeting the gut microbiota-bile acid axis. Gut Microbes. 2024;16(1):2356284.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kriaa A, Mariaule V, Jablaoui A, Rhimi S, Mkaouar H, Hernandez J. Bile acids: key players in inflammatory bowel diseases? Cells. 2022;11(5):901.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen L, Ye Z, Li J, Wang L, Chen Y, Yu M, et al. Gut bacteria Prevotellaceae related lithocholic acid metabolism promotes colonic inflammation. J Transl Med. 2025;23(1):55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eberl G. A new vision of immunity: homeostasis of the superorganism. Mucosal Immunol. 2010;3(5):450–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ni J, Wu GD, Albenberg L, Tomov VT. Gut microbiota and IBD: causation or correlation? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(10):573–84.

Article