The data used in this work come from the All of Us Research Program Registered Tier dataset (version 8), accessible through the All of Us Researcher Workbench (https://www.researchallofus.org). Data are available only to qualified researchers who complete the required training and agree to abide by the All of Us Data and Statistics Dissemination Policy. Because of participant privacy protections, the dataset is not open to the public; however, approved researchers can gain access via the Workbench platform.

© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.