Vulnerable plaques, also known as high-risk plaques, are the main cause of acute cardiovascular events. Advances in nanotechnology have made it possible to monitor and stabilise these plaques. This review outlines the pathophysiological basis of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques and explores the emerging role of nanoplatforms in their diagnosis and treatment. By integrating recent research advances, we highlight key strategies for plaque stabilisation from a clinical perspective and present a comprehensive framework to connect mechanistic insights with translational applications. In addition, we consider the major unresolved challenges in the field and suggest possible future directions. This review aims to facilitate the clinical translation of nanotechnology-based approaches and help bridge the gap between preclinical research and real-world clinical practice.

Atherosclerosis

Nanotechnology

Vulnerable plaques

© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.