de Fine Licht S, Winther JF, Gudmundsdottir T, Holmqvist AS, Bonnesen TG, Asdahl PH et al (2014) Hospital contacts for endocrine disorders in adult life after childhood cancer in Scandinavia (ALiCCS): a population-based cohort study. Lancet 383:1981–1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62564-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brignardello E, Felicetti F, Castiglione A, Chiabotto P, Corrias A, Fagioli F et al (2013) Endocrine health conditions in adult survivors of childhood cancer: the need for specialized adult-focused follow-up clinics. Eur J Endocrinol 168:465–472. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-12-1043

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wallace WHB, Anderson RA, Irvine DS (2005) Fertility preservation for young patients with cancer: who is at risk and what can be offered? Lancet Oncol 6:209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70092-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelsey TW, McConville L, Edgar AB, Ungurianu AI, Mitchell RT, Anderson RA et al (2017) Follicle stimulating hormone is an accurate predictor of azoospermia in childhood cancer survivors. PLoS One 12:e0181377. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181377

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aksglaede L, Olesen IA, Carlsen E, Petersen JH, Juul A, Jørgensen N (2018) Serum concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone is not associated with semen quality. Andrology 6:286–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12456

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

El-Halawaty S, Azab H, Said T, Bedaiwy M, Amer M, Kamal M et al (2011) Assessment of male serum anti-Mullerian hormone as a marker of spermatogenesis and ICSI outcome. Gynecol Endocrinol 27:401–405. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2010.495433

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benderradji H, Barbotin A-L, Leroy-Billiard M, Prasivoravong J, Marcelli F, Decanter C et al (2022) Defining reference ranges for serum anti-Müllerian hormone on a large cohort of normozoospermic adult men highlights new potential physiological functions of AMH on FSH secretion and sperm motility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107:1878–1887. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac218

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuksel-Soycan L (2007) BFM-TR ALL 2000: first Turkish multicentric study in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 47:426

Google Scholar 

Neyzi O, Bundak R, Gökçay G, Günöz H, Furman A, Darendeliler F et al (2015) Reference values for weight, height, head circumference, and body mass index in Turkish children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 7:280–293. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.2183

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Braun LR, Marino R (2017) Disorders of growth and stature. Pediatr Rev 38:293–304. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2016-0178

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, Armstrong SC, Barlow SE, Bolling CF et al (2023) Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060640

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peplies J, Jiménez-Pavón D, Savva SC, Buck C, Günther K, Fraterman A et al (2014) Percentiles of fasting serum insulin, glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-IR in pre-pubertal normal weight European children from the IDEFICS cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 38(Suppl 2):S39–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.134

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Cassia da Silva C, Zambon MP, Vasques ACJ, Camilo DF, de Góes Monteiro Antonio MÂR, Geloneze B (2023) The threshold value for identifying insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in an admixed adolescent population: A hyperglycemic clamp validated study. Arch Endocrinol Metab 67:119–125. https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000533

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geloneze B, Vasques ACJ, Stabe CFC, Pareja JC, Rosado LEFP, de Queiroz L et al (2009) HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR indexes in identifying insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: Brazilian metabolic syndrome study (BRAMS). Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 53:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302009000200020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daniels SR, Greer FR (2008) Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood. Pediatrics 122:198–208. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1349

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, Melmed S, Murad MH, Salvatori R et al (2016) Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101:3888–3921. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2118

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewiecki EM, Gordon CM, Baim S, Leonard MB, Bishop NJ, Bianchi M-L et al (2008) International society for clinical densitometry 2007 adult and pediatric official positions. Bone 43:1115–1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.106

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Achermann APP, Esteves SC (2024) Prevalence and clinical implications of biochemical hypogonadism in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia undergoing infertility evaluation. F&S Rep 5:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xfre.2023.11.007

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 6th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2021.

Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) (2023) Youth in Statistics, 2023. Ankara

Zhang FF, Kelly MJ, Saltzman E, Must A, Roberts SB, Parsons SK (2014) Obesity in pediatric ALL survivors: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 133:e704–e715. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3332

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nam GE, Kaul S, Wu YP, Nelson RE, Wright J, Fluchel MN et al (2015) A meta-analysis of body mass index of adolescent and adult survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Cancer Surviv 9:412–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-014-0415-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karaman S, Ercan O, Yildiz I, Bolayirli M, Celkan T, Apak H et al (2010) Late effects of childhood ALL treatment on body mass index and serum leptin levels. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 23:669–674. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem.2010.23.7.669

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wei C, Crowne E (2019) The impact of childhood cancer and its treatment on puberty and subsequent hypothalamic pituitary and gonadal function, in both boys and girls. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 33:101291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2019.101291

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Casteren NJ, Pieters R, Dohle GR, van Baalen M, Neggers S, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM (2009) Cranial irradiation does not result in pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction in very long-term male survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 23:2310–2313. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2009.165

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kruseová J, Černíková J, Zámečníková M, Hřivnová L, Koloušková S, Čepelová M et al (2021) Semen analysis and treatment risk factors in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Andrologia 53:e13853. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13853

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bjornard K, Close A, Burns K, Chavez J, Chow EJ, Meacham LR (2024) Fertility preservation in pediatric solid tumors: a report from the children’s oncology group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 71:e30960. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.30960

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Green DM, Zhu L, Wang M, Chemaitilly W, Srivastava D, Kutteh WH et al (2017) Effect of cranial irradiation on sperm concentration of adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the St. Jude lifetime cohort Study†. Hum Reprod 32:1192–1201. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dex082

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Delessard M, Moutard L, Charnay C, Rives N, Dumont L, Basille-Dugay M et al (2025) In vivo and in vitro spermatogenesis in prepubertal mouse testes exposed to low gonadotoxic doses of cytarabine or daunorubicin. Sci Rep 15:14230. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98413-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Green DM, Kawashima T, Stovall M, Leisenring W, Sklar CA, Mertens AC et al (2010) Fertility of male survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. J Clin Oncol 28:332–339. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.24.9037

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Romerius P, Ståhl O, Moëll C, Relander T, Cavallin-Ståhl E, Wiebe T et al (2011) High risk of azoospermia in men treated for childhood cancer. Int J Androl 34:69–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01058.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poganitsch-Korhonen M, Masliukaite I, Nurmio M, Lähteenmäki P, van Wely M, van Pelt AMM et al (2017) Decreased spermatogonial quantity in prepubertal boys with leukaemia treated with alkylating agents. Leukemia 31(6):1460–1463. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2017.76

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central