Liposome-encapsulated iridium(III) complexes significantly enhance antitumor efficiency through immunogenic cell death to increase CD8+ T cells

Cervical cancer is a significant global health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where limited access to prevention and treatment exacerbates morbidity and mortality [1]. Since the landmark approval of cisplatin by the FDA in 1978, platinum-based drugs have revolutionized cancer chemotherapy, serving as first-line treatments for various malignancies [2,3]. However, their clinical utility is severely hampered by dose-limiting toxicities, acquired resistance, and poor selectivity, which collectively contribute to treatment failure in aggressive cancers such as cervical carcinoma [4,5]. These challenges have spurred intensive exploration of alternative transition metal complexes, which exhibit distinct mechanisms of action, enhanced kinetic inertness, and reduced systemic toxicity. Notably, iridium(III) complexes demonstrate unique advantages, such as photophysical properties, mitochondrial targeting, and the ability to induce multimodal cell death through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and cell cycle arrest [[6], [7], [8], [9], [10]]. Due to poor aqueous solubility, the clinical translation of iridium complexes is hindered. To address these limitations, nanocarrier systems such as liposomes have emerged to enhance drug stability, prolong circulation, and improve tumor-specific accumulation [11,12]. PEGylated liposomes, in particular, mitigate rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) while enabling controlled release of encapsulated therapeutics at tumor sites [[13], [14], [15]]. In our previous studies, we reported that [Ir(ppy)2(BAPIP)](PF6) (BAPIP = 5-bromo-2-amino-2’-(phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) shows a moderate cytotoxic activity toward HeLa cells (IC50 = 15.3 ± 3.5 μM). However, this complex was entrapped into the liposome, the complex exhibits very high ability to inhibit the HeLa cell proliferation with an IC50 value of 6.9 ± 3.5 μM [16]. Also, we discovered that [Ir(ppy)2(BDIP)](PF6) demonstrates a moderate anticancer efficiency with an IC50 values of 19.1 ± 1.3 μM toward HeLa cells [17]. Based on these studies, in this article, we designed two new iridium(III) complexes [Ir(bzq)2(BDIP)]PF6 (Ir10a) and [Ir(piq)2(BDIP)]PF6 (Ir10b) (BDIP = 2-(6-bromobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, we expect that Ir10a and Ir10b exhibit moderate anticancer effect, but the liposome-encapsulated complexes show high anticancer efficiency.

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