Rooper LM, Yamamoto H, Westra W, Ihler S, Lewis JS, Kiss K (International Agency for Research on Cancer 2022) WHO classification of tumours series, vol 9, 5th edn. Lyon, France

Lopez DC, Hoke ATK, Rooper LM, London NR Jr. (2022) Human papillomavirus-related carcinomas of the sinonasal tract. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep 10:291–302

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amin MB, Greene FL, Edge SB, Compton CC, Gershenwald JE, Brookland RK, Meyer L, Gress DM, Byrd DR, Winchester DP (2017) The eighth edition AJCC cancer staging manual: continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more personalized approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin 67(2):93–99

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis JS Jr., Beadle B, Bishop JA, Chernock RD, Colasacco C, Kalicanin T, Krane JF, Lacchetti C, Moncur JT, Rocco JW et al (2025) Human papillomavirus testing in head and neck carcinomas: guideline update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 149(6):e115–e150

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faquin WC, Lewis JS Jr., Beadle B, Bishop JA, Chernock RD, Krane JF, Moncur JT, Rocco JW, Schwartz MR, Seethala RR (2025) High-risk HPV testing in head and neck carcinoma: key updates from the 2025 College of American Pathologists Guideline. Head Neck Pathol 19(1):115

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amanian A, Ishii M, Fakhry C, London NR Jr. (2024) Epidemiologic trends in human papillomavirus-associated sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 150(7):609–618

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alos L, Moyano S, Nadal A, Alobid I, Blanch JL, Ayala E, Lloveras B, Quint W, Cardesa A, Ordi J (2009) Human papillomaviruses are identified in a subgroup of sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas with favorable outcome. Cancer 115(12):2701–2709

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen E, Coviello C, Menaker S, Martinez-Duarte E, Gomez C, Lo K, Kerr D, Franzmann E, Leibowitz J, Sargi Z (2020) P16 and human papillomavirus in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 42(8):2021–2029

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiromaru R, Yamamoto H, Yasumatsu R, Hongo T, Nozaki Y, Hashimoto K, Taguchi K, Masuda M, Nakagawa T, Oda Y (2020) HPV-related sinonasal carcinoma: Clinicopathologic features, diagnostic utility of p16 and Rb immunohistochemistry, and EGFR copy number alteration. Am J Surg Pathol 44(3):305–315

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kilic S, Kilic SS, Kim ES, Baredes S, Mahmoud O, Gray ST, Eloy JA (2017) Significance of human papillomavirus positivity in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 7(10):980–989

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oliver JR, Lieberman SM, Tam MM, Liu CZ, Li Z, Hu KS, Morris LGT, Givi B (2020) Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 126(7):1413–1423

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oliver JR, Wang NC, Alapati R, Attwood E, Amanian A, Bur AM, Beahm DD (2026) Improved survival of HPV-related sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma with chemoradiation treatment. Head Neck

Ramkumar SP, Simpson MC, Adjei Boakye E, Bukatko AR, Antisdel JL, Massa ST, Osazuwa-Peters N (2023) High-risk human papillomavirus 16/18 associated with improved survival in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 129(9):1372–1383

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma A, Tang AL, Takiar V, Wise-Draper TM, Langevin SM (2021) Human papillomavirus and survival of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel) 13(15)

Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, Weber R, Rosenthal DI, Nguyen-Tan PF, Westra WH, Chung CH, Jordan RC, Lu C et al (2010) Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med 363(1):24–35

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinatti LM, Sinha HN, Brummel CV, Goudsmit CM, Geddes TJ, Wilson GD, Akervall JA, Brenner CJ, Walline HM, Carey TE (2021) Association of human papillomavirus integration with better patient outcomes in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 43(2):544–557

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bodelon C, Untereiner ME, Machiela MJ, Vinokurova S, Wentzensen N (2016) Genomic characterization of viral integration sites in HPV-related cancers. Int J Cancer 139(9):2001–2011

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olthof NC, Huebbers CU, Kolligs J, Henfling M, Ramaekers FC, Cornet I, van Lent-Albrechts JA, Stegmann AP, Silling S, Wieland U et al (2015) Viral load, gene expression and mapping of viral integration sites in HPV16-associated HNSCC cell lines. Int J Cancer 136(5):E207–218

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reuschenbach M, Huebbers CU, Prigge ES, Bermejo JL, Kalteis MS, Preuss SF, Seuthe IM, Kolligs J, Speel EJ, Olthof N et al (2015) Methylation status of HPV16 E2-binding sites classifies subtypes of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers. Cancer 121(12):1966–1976

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Symer DE, Akagi K, Geiger HM, Song Y, Li G, Emde AK, Xiao W, Jiang B, Corvelo A, Toussaint NC et al (2022) Diverse tumorigenic consequences of human papillomavirus integration in primary oropharyngeal cancers. Genome Res 32(1):55–70

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim JH, Moon JH, Kim CY, Jeong HN, Lim YC (2025) KUSCC-192: a novel tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma cell line with mixed (episomal and integrated)-typed human papillomavirus from a Korean patient with tonsil cancer. Head Neck

Zamuner FT, Gunti S, Starrett GJ, Faraji F, Toni T, Saraswathula A, Vu K, Gupta A, Zhang Y, Faden DL et al (2025) Molecular patterns and mechanisms of tumorigenesis in HPV-associated and HPV-independent sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 16(1):5285

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Costa R, Carneiro BA, Taxter T, Tavora FA, Kalyan A, Pai SA, Chae YK, Giles FJ (2016) FGFR3-TACC3 fusion in solid tumors: mini review. Oncotarget 7(34):55924–55938

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agaimy A, Antonescu CR, Bell D, Breimer GE, Dermawan JK, Kester LA, Laco J, Rijken JA, Whaley RD, Stoehr R et al (2025) FGFR3::TACC3 fusions in head and neck carcinomas: a study of nine cases highlighting phenotypic heterogeneity, frequent HPV association, and a morphologically distinct subset in favor of a putative entity. Virchows Arch 486(3):499–510

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taverna C, Pollastri F, Pecci R, Giannoni B, Fattorini C, Santucci M, Mueller SK, Stoehr R, Franchi A, Agaimy A (2021) Papillary-cystic neoplasms of the middle ear are distinct from endolymphatic sac tumours. Histopathology 79(3):306–314

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bulanova B, Sykorova V, Mastnikova K, Vaclavikova E, Moravcova J, Vlcek P, Lancova L, Lastuvka P, Katra R, Bavor P et al (2023) BRAF fusion genes in a large cohort of thyroid carcinomas. Endocr Abstracts https://www.endocrineabstracts.org/ea/0092/ea0092op-12-05

Hang JF, Chen JY, Kuo PC, Lai HF, Lee TL, Tai SK, Kuo CS, Chen HS, Li WS, Li CF (2023) A shift in molecular drivers of papillary thyroid carcinoma following the 2017 World Health Organization classification: characterization of 554 consecutive tumors with emphasis on BRAF-negative cases. Mod Pathol 36(9):100242

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kasaian K, Wiseman SM, Walker BA, Schein JE, Zhao Y, Hirst M, Moore RA, Mungall AJ, Marra MA, Jones SJ (2015) The genomic and transcriptomic landscape of anaplastic thyroid cancer: implications for therapy. BMC Cancer 15:984

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ross JS, Wang K, Chmielecki J, Gay L, Johnson A, Chudnovsky J, Yelensky R, Lipson D, Ali SM, Elvin JA et al (2016) The distribution of BRAF gene fusions in solid tumors and response to targeted therapy. Int J Cancer 138(4):881–890

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Megan A, Girtman CS, Richmond, Paraic A, Kenny (2021) The MKRN1-BRAF exon4-exon9 fusion is a targetable oncogenic driver. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.22.453427

Article  Google Scholar 

McFarland CD, Mirny LA, Korolev KS (2014) Tug-of-war between driver and passenger mutations in cancer and other adaptive processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(42):15138–15143

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Greenman C, Stephens P, Smith R, Dalgliesh GL, Hunter C, Bignell G, Davies H, Teague J, Butler A, Stevens C et al (2007) Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes. Nature 446(7132):153–158

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar