Ramos-Casals M, Baer AN, Brito-Zerón M, del Hammitt P, Bouillot KM, Retamozo C S, et al (2025) 2023 International Rome consensus for the nomenclature of Sjögren disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol 21:426–437. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-025-01268-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Longobardi S, Lopez-Davis C, Khatri B, Georgescu C, Pritchett-Frazee C, Lawrence C et al (2023) Autoantibodies identify primary Sjögren’s syndrome in patients lacking serum IgG specific for Ro/SS-A and La/SS-B. Ann Rheum Dis 82:1181–1190. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard-2022-223105

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shiboski CH, Shiboski SC, Seror R, Criswell LA, Labetoulle M, Lietman TM et al (2017) 2016 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 69:35–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.39859

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goel RR, Jeranko M, Jones L, Bishnoi A, Meysami A (2023) Diagnostic utility of minor salivary gland biopsy for primary Sjögren syndrome in patients with negative anti-SSA antibodies. Cureus 15:e46207. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.46207

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu S, Chen C, Zheng Q, Sun H, Yang C, Wang B et al (2024) Non-negligible prevalence of focal lymphocytic sialadenitis in minor salivary glands of non-Sjögren’s disease individuals. Clin Exp Rheumatol 42:2499–2506. https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/ou4fx6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saparov D, Markov A, Choi S, Gold-Olufadi S, Becerra H, Barakat P et al (2025) Challenges in diagnosing and differentiating IgG4-related disease from Sjögren’s disease: a case report and literature review. Cureus 17:e83090. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.83090

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Engelke F, Budde P, De Vita S, Dörner T, Ernst D, Gras J et al (2025) Identification of novel autoantibodies in Sjögren’s disease. Front Immunol 16:1524940. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1524940

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen M, Zhou Y, Xue M, Zhu R, Jing L, Lin L et al (2022) Anti-HMGB1 antibody is a potential characteristic autoantibody for Sjögren’s syndrome. Sci Rep 12:10007. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10007-3

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yoshimi R, Ueda A, Ozato K, Ishigatsubo Y (2012) Clinical and pathological roles of Ro/SSA autoantibody system. Clin Dev Immunol 2012:606195. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/606195

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hsu C-H, Yu Y-L (2023) The interconnected roles of TRIM21/Ro52 in systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sjögren’s syndrome, cancers, and cancer metabolism. Cancer Cell Int 23:289. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-023-03143-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boccitto M, Wolin SL (2019) Ro60 and Y RNAs: structure, functions, and roles in autoimmunity. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 54:133–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409238.2019.1608902

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gál I, Lakos G, Zeher M (2000) Comparison of the anti-Ro/SSA autoantibody profile between patients with primary and secondary Sjögren’s syndrome. Autoimmunity 32:89–92. https://doi.org/10.3109/08916930008994077

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deroo L, Achten H, De Boeck K, Genbrugge E, Bauters W, Roels D et al (2022) The value of separate detection of anti-Ro52, anti-Ro60 and anti-SSB/La reactivities in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/l70874

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bettacchioli E, Saraux A, Tison A, Cornec D, Dueymes M, Foulquier N et al (2024) Association of combined anti-Ro52/TRIM21 and anti-Ro60/SSA antibodies with increased Sjögren disease severity through interferon pathway activation. Arthritis Rheumatol 76:751–762. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.42789

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Armağan B, Robinson SA, Bazoberry A, Perin J, Grader-Beck T, Akpek EK et al (2022) Antibodies to both Ro52 and Ro60 for identifying Sjögren’s syndrome patients best suited for clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 74:1559–1565. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24597

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Robbins A, Hentzien M, Toquet S, Didier K, Servettaz A, Pham BN et al (2019) Diagnostic utility of separate anti-Ro60 and anti-Ro52/TRIM21 antibody detection in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 10:444. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00444

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Liao Z, Chen Y, Lu H, Wang A, Shi Y et al (2024) A non-invasive model for diagnosis of primary Sjögren’s disease based on salivary biomarkers, serum autoantibodies, and Schirmer’s test. Arthritis Res Ther 26:59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-024-03459-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buvry C, Cassagnes L, Tekath M, Artigues M, Pereira B, Rieu V et al (2020) Anti-Ro52 antibodies are a risk factor for interstitial lung disease in primary Sjögren syndrome. Respir Med 163:105895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105895

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong X, Zhou J, Guo X, Li Y, Xu Y, Fu Q et al (2018) Distinguishing features of chest HRCT and clinical manifestations in primary Sjögren’s syndrome-related interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol 37:2981–2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-018-4289-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gamazo-Herrero J, Medina-Luezas JA, Cusacovich I, Martín-Asenjo M, González-Montagut-Gómez C, Sánchez-González MD et al (2024) Rhythm disturbances in adults with systemic autoimmune diseases and anti-Ro52 antibodies. J Clin Med 13:3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123510

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Retamozo S, Akasbi M, Brito-Zerón P, Bosch X, Bove A, Perez-de-Lis M et al (2012) Anti-Ro52 antibody testing influences the classification and clinical characterisation of primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 30:686–692

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee AYS, Putty T, Lin MW, Swaminathan S, Suan D, Chataway T et al (2023) Isolated anti-Ro52 identifies a severe subset of Sjögren’s syndrome patients. Front Immunol 14:1115548. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115548

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee AYS, Lin MW, Reed JH (2022) Anti-Ro52/TRIM21 serological subsets identify differential clinical and laboratory parameters. Clin Rheumatol 41:3495–3501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-022-06299-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chiang S, Grogan T, Kamounah S, Wei F, Tayob N, Kim JY et al (2024) Distinctive profile of monomeric and polymeric anti-SSA/Ro52 immunoglobulin A1 isoforms in saliva of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome and sicca. RMD Open 10:e003666. https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003666

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Monteiro RC (2010) The role of IgA and IgA Fc receptors as anti-inflammatory agents. J Clin Immunol 30:61–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-010-9397-2

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Acar-Denizli N, Horváth IF, Mandl T, Priori R, Vissink A, Hernandez-Molina G et al (2020) Systemic phenotype related to primary Sjögren’s syndrome in patients carrying isolated anti-La/SSB antibodies. Clin Exp Rheumatol 38(Suppl 126):85–94

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cafaro G, Perricone C, Baldini C, Quartuccio L, Priori R, Carubbi F et al (2020) Significance of anti-La/SSB antibodies in primary Sjögren’s syndrome patients with combined positivity for anti-Ro/SSA and salivary gland biopsy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 38(Suppl 126):53–56

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ingegnoli F, Castelli R, Gualtierotti R (2013) Rheumatoid factors: clinical applications. Dis Markers 2013:726598. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/726598

Article  CAS  Google Scholar