Supplementary file1 Three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping display during pulsed field ablation at the inferior pulmonary vein ostium. The left panel shows intermittent positive pressure ventilation (tidal volume, 500 mL; respiratory rate, 12/min), and the right panel shows high-frequency low-tidal-volume ventilation (tidal volume, 250 mL; respiratory rate, 30/min). The fluctuating sinusoidal waveform in each panel represents the respiratory waveform derived from thoracic impedance. The balloon-like markers around the variable-loop catheter indicate the tissue proximity indicator (TPI), which visually reflects catheter–tissue contact. Compared with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), high-frequency low-tidal-volume positive pressure ventilation (HFLTV) was associated with smaller respiratory-related catheter excursion while maintaining stable catheter contact at the target site. The measured catheter displacement decreased from 2.9 mm during IPPV to 0.9 mm during HFLTV. (MPEG 16334 KB)