Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of intraoperative pain during non-elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a prospective observational study

Alahuhta S, Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmén AI, Edström HH. Visceral pain during caesarean section under spinal and epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1990;34:95–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Filho GR, Gomes HP, da Fonseca MH, Hoffman JC, Pederneiras SG, Garcia JH. Predictors of successful neuraxial block: a prospective study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2002;19:447–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Munhall RJ, Sukhani R, Winnie AP. Incidence and etiology of failed spinal anesthetics in a university hospital: a prospective study. Anesth Analg. 1988;67:843–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pan PH, Bogard TD, Owen MD. Incidence and characteristics of failures in obstetric neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia: a retrospective analysis of 19,259 deliveries. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2004;13:227–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sng BL, Lim Y, Sia AT. An observational prospective cohort study of incidence and characteristics of failed spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2009;18:237–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tarkkila PJ. Incidence and causes of failed spinal anesthetics in a university hospital: a prospective study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1991;16:48–51.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Plaat F, Stanford SER, Lucas DN, Andrade J, Careless J, Russell R, Bishop D, Lo Q, Bogod D. Prevention and management of intra-operative pain during caesarean section under neuraxial anaesthesia: a technical and interpersonal approach. Anaesthesia. 2022;77:588–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McCombe K, Bogod DG. Learning from the law. a review of 21 years of litigation for pain during caesarean section. Anaesthesia. 2018;73:223–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Society of Anesthesiologists: Statement on the use of adjuvant medications and management of intraoperative pain during cesarean delivery. Edited by committee on obstetric anesthesia. https://www.asahq.org/standards-and-practice-parameters, American Soc Anesthesiol, 2024.

Lopez U, Meyer M, Loures V, Iselin-Chaves I, Epiney M, Kern C, Haller G. Post-traumatic stress disorder in parturients delivering by caesarean section and the implication of anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15:118.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luke C, O’ Carroll L, McMorrow R. Pain during caesarean delivery in a tertiary maternity hospital: a retrospective cohort study (2022-2023). Int J Obstet Anesth. 2024;60:104235.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jin SY, Munro A, Aidemouni M, McKeen DM, Uppal V. The incidence and predictors of failed spinal anesthesia after intrathecal injection of local anesthetic for cesarean delivery: a single-center, 9-year retrospective review. Anesth Analg. 2024;138:430–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanchez J, Prabhu R, Guglielminotti J, Landau R. Pain during cesarean delivery: a patient-related prospective observational study assessing the incidence and risk factors for intraoperative pain and intravenous medication administration. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2024;43:101310.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keltz A, Heesen P, Katz D, Neuman I, Morgenshtein A, Azem K, Binyamin Y, Hadar E, Eidelman LA, Orbach-Zinger S. Intraoperative pain during caesarean delivery: incidence, risk factors and physician perception. Eur J Pain. 2022;26:219–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Charles EA, Carter H, Stanford S, Blake L, Eley V, Carvalho B, Sultan P, Kua J, O'Carroll JE. Intraoperative pain during cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2025;143:156–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kinsella SM. A prospective audit of regional anaesthesia failure in 5080 caesarean sections. Anaesthesia. 2008;63:822–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frank E, Sharpe EE, Kohn G, Kohl-Thomas B, Shaver C, Hofkamp MP. Predictors of intraoperative pain during cesarean delivery under regional anesthesia. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2022;35:595–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stav M, Matatov Y, Hoffmann D, Heesen P, Gliesche V, Binyamin Y, loscovich A, Eidelman LA, Orbach-Zinger S. Incidence of conversion to general anaesthesia and need for intravenous supplementation in parturients undergoing caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: a retrospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2023;67:29–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Purva M, Russell IF, Kinsella M. Caesarean section anaesthesia: technique and failure rate. In: Colvin JR, Peden CJ, editors. Raising the standard: a compendium of audit recipes. 3rd ed. London: Royal College of Anaesthetists; 2012. p. 220–1.

Google Scholar 

Yentis SM, Richards NA. Classification of urgency of caesarean section. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2008;18:139–40.

Article  Google Scholar 

Joshi SK, Acharya K. Modification of Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic status scale in the context of Nepal, 2019. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2019;17:1–2.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma K, Dhungana G, Adhikari S, Bista Pandey A, Sharma M. Depression and anxiety among patients with type II diabetes mellitus in Chitwan medical college teaching hospital, Nepal. Nurs Res Pract. 2021;2021:8846915.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhusal BR, Bhandari N, Chapagai M, Gavidia T. Validating the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale as a screening tool for postpartum depression in Kathmandu, Nepal. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2016;10:71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levis B, Negeri Z, Sun Y, Benedetti A, Thombs BD, DEPRESsion Screening Data (DEPRESSD) EPDS Group. Accuracy of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) for screening to detect major depression among pregnant and postpartum women: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ. 2020;371:m4022.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nielsen S, Degenhardt L, Hoban B, Gisev N. A synthesis of oral morphine equivalents (OME) for opioid utilisation studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25:733–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schug SA, Lavand’homme P, Barke A, Korwisi B, Rief W, Treede RD; IASP Taskforce for the Classification of Chronic Pain. The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic postsurgical or posttraumatic pain. Pain. 2019;160:45–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sergeant, ESG, 2018. Epitools epidemiological calculators. Ausvet. Available at: http://epitools.ausvet.com.au.

Keita H, Deruelle P, Bouvet L, Bonnin M, Chassard D, Bouthors AS, Leopard E, Benhamou D; French Practice Bulletin Taskforce. Raising awareness to prevent, recognise and manage acute pain during caesarean delivery: the french practice bulletin. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2021;40:100954.

Google Scholar 

Roofthooft E, Joshi GP, Rawal N, Van de Velde M, PROSPECT Working Group of the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy. PROSPECT guideline for elective caesarean section: an update. Anaesthesia. 2023;78:1170–1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guasch E, Brogly N, Mercier FJ, loscovich A, Wringer CF, Lucas N, Chassard D, Kranke P, Whitaker D, Geldner G, Sabelnikovs O, de Robertis E. European minimum standards for obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia departments: an experts’ consensus. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2020;37:1115–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kinsella SM, Girgirah K, Scrutton MJ. Rapid sequence spinal anaesthesia for category-1 urgency caesarean section: a case series. Anaesthesia. 2010;65:664–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jigajinni SV, Rajala B, El Sharawi N. The rapid sequence spinal for category 1 caesarean section: anaesthetic trainee knowledge and practice. J Perioper Pract. 2015;25:24–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zegeye ST, Admassie BM, Aligaz EM, Dires FT, Bayable SD. Incidence and predictors of failed spinal anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Saf Surg. 2025;20:1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kopacz DJ, Neal JM, Pollock JE. The regional anesthesia “learning curve”. What is the minimum number of epidural and spinal blocks to reach consistency? Reg Anesth. 1996;21:182–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rakers F, Bischoff S, Schiffner R, Haase M, Rupprechts S, Kiehntopf M, Kuhn-Velten WN, Schubert H, Witte OW, Nijland MJ, Nathanielsz PW, Schwab M. Role of catecholamines in maternal-fetal stress transfer in sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213:684.e1-684.e6849.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Punchuklang W, Nivatpumin P, Jintadawong T. Total failure of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery, associated factors, and outcomes: a retrospective case-control study. Med (Baltim). 2022;101:e29813.

Article 

Comments (0)

No login
gif