Masui K. Remimazolam besilate, a benzodiazepine, has been approved for general anesthesia. J Anesth. 2020;34:479–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morimoto Y. Efficiency and safety profile of remimazolam for sedation in adults undergoing short surgical procedures. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2022;18:95–100.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Doi M, Morita K, Takeda J, Sakamoto A, Yamakage M, Suzuki T. Efficiency and safety of remimazolam versus propofol for general anesthesia: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, phase IIb/III trial. J Anesth. 2020;34:543–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iwakiri H, Nishihara N, Nagata O, Matsukawa T, Ozaki M, Sessler DI. Individual effect-site concentrations of propofol are similar at loss of response and awakening. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:107–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Masui K, Stohr T, Pesic M, Tonai T. A population pharmacokinetic model of remimazolam for general anesthesia and consideration of remimazolam dose in clinical practice. J Anesth. 2022;36:493–505.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Minto CF, Schnider TW, Egan TD, Youngs E, Lemmens HJM, Gambus PL, Billard V, Hoke JF, Moore KHP, Hermann DJ, Muir KT, Mandema JW, Shafer SL. Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. I. Model development. Anesthesiology. 1997;86:10–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shirozu K, Nakayama Y, Asada M, Takamori S, Ando T, Yamaura K. Relationship between effect site concentration of remimazolam at loss of response and time to extubation: a prospective, single-center, observational study. J Clin Monit Comput. 2025;39:1227–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vellinga R, Koomen JV, Eleveld DJ, Stohr T, Pesic M, Stuys MMRF, Colin PJ. Influence of remifentanil on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiol. 2025;142:666–79.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Masui K, Kira M, Kazama T, Harihara S, Mortier EP, Stuys MMRF. Early phase pharmacokinetics but not pharmacodynamics are influenced by propofol infusion rate. Anesthesiology. 2009;111:905–17.

Article  Google Scholar 

Morimoto Y, Hagihira H, Koizumi Y, Ishida K, Matsumoto M, Sakabe T. The relationship between bispectral index and electroencephalographic parameters during isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:133–40.

Google Scholar 

Cao Y, Gan M, Wan L, Lu J, Liu M, Wang D, Hong S, Zhou L, Deng L, Wang Z, WangJ, Sun C, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhou M. Comparison of EEG burst suppression and hemodynamic effects between remimazolam tosilate and etomidate during general anesthesia induction: a retrospective analysis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2025;19:7623–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miyake W, Oda Y, Ikeda Y, Hagihira S, Iwaki H, Asada A. Electroencephalographic response following midazolam-indued general anesthesia: relationship to plasma and effect-site midazolam concentrations. J Anesth. 2010;24:386–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Short TG, Campbell D, Leslie K. Response of bispectral index to neuromuscular block in awake volunteers. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116:725–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xie Z, Liau Y, Chen Q, Zhang C, Luo J, Cao H, Lin Y, Lan H, Huang X, Guan X. Remifentanil enhances the sedative effect of remimazolam during anesthesia induction in patients undergoing hysteroscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Med. 2025;57:2534850.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Egan TD, Minto CF, Hermann D, Bart J, Muir KT, Shafer SL. Remifentanil versus alfentanil: comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy adult male volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1996;84:821–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yoshikawa H, Hosokawa M, Kashima Y, Oki S, Masui K. Remimazolam tolerance in long-term benzodiazepine users: a case report of 2 cases. AANA J. 2021;14:e01460.

Google Scholar