Background Between 2021 and 2022, primary care obesity management was entering the early diffusion phase of newer anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, as GLP-1–based treatments began reshaping expectations. However, it was unclear whether primary care clinicians and practice environments were prepared to deliver comprehensive obesity care. (1,2)

Methods In 2021–2022, we surveyed 276 clinicians from three cohorts: an opt-in national physician panel (Cohort A), clinicians from an integrated health system (Cohort B), and clinicians from a rural accountable care organization (Cohort C). The survey, informed by formative patient and physician focus groups conducted in 2021, assessed current and desired competence, attitudes, confidence, perceived forces for change, and barriers to obesity care. Analyses were descriptive (means and standard deviations).

Results Across cohorts, desired competence exceeded current competence. The largest gaps involved recommending behavioral interventions, developing comprehensive care plans, and providing ongoing obesity management support. Attitudes toward obesity care were generally favorable, while confidence that current practices reflected best practice was only moderate. Professional and personal forces for change were moderate, patient-driven motivators were moderate to high, whereas social (peer/organizational) reinforcement was weak. Reported barriers extended beyond knowledge deficits to include patient engagement, competing demands, cost, and practical constraints.

Conclusions At the threshold of the GLP-1 era, primary care clinicians were motivated to improve obesity care but lacked consistent support to deliver comprehensive management. The relative absence of peer and organizational reinforcement suggests that readiness for change reflected not only individual knowledge and attitudes, but also the degree of peer and organizational reinforcement that supports comprehensive obesity care in routine practice.

The authors have declared no competing interest.

This project was supported by an independent educational grant from Pfizer Global Learning and Change. The funder had no role in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, or writing of the manuscript.

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