Wu C, Ji C, Qian D, Li C, Chen J, Zhang J, Bao G, Xu G et al (2024) Contribution of ApoB-100/SORT1-mediated immune microenvironment in regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and ferroptosis after spinal cord injury. Mol Neurobiol 61:6675–6687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-03956-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ge MH, Tian H, Mao L, Li DY, Lin JQ, Hu HS, Huang SC, Zhang CJ, et al. (2021) Zinc attenuates ferroptosis and promotes functional recovery in contusion spinal cord injury by activating Nrf2/GPX4 defense pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 27:1023–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13657

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yan HF, Zou T, Tuo QZ, Xu S, Li H, Belaidi AA, Lei P (2021) Ferroptosis: mechanisms and links with diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 6:49. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00428-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang X, Stockwell BR, Conrad M (2021) Ferroptosis: mechanisms, biology and role in disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 22:266–282. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-00324-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feng Z, Min L, Chen H, Deng W, Tan M, Liu H, Hou J (2021) Iron overload in the motor cortex induces neuronal ferroptosis following spinal cord injury. Redox Biol 43:101984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2021.101984

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lei P, Walker T, Ayton S (2025) Neuroferroptosis in health and diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-025-00930-5

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

She W, Su J, Ma W, Ma G, Li J, Zhang H, Qiu C, Li X (2025) Natural products protect against spinal cord injury by inhibiting ferroptosis: a literature review. Front Pharmacol 16:1557133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1557133

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dam H (1935) The antihaemorrhagic vitamin of the chick. Biochem J 29:1273–1285. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0291273

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bell RG, Matschiner JT (1972) Warfarin and the inhibition of vitamin K activity by an oxide metabolite. Nature 237:32–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/237032a0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sherman PA, Sander EG (1981) Vitamin K epoxide reductase: evidence that vitamin K dihydroquinone is a product of vitamin K epoxide reduction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 103:997–1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(81)90908-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lacombe J, Rishavy MA, Berkner KL, Ferron M (2018) VKOR paralog VKORC1L1 supports vitamin K-dependent protein carboxylation in vivo. JCI Insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.96501

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou Z, Chen B, Zhang M, Chen X, Zhang Y (2023) Mechanism of VKORC1 and VKORC1L1 signaling in the effects of sodium dehydroacetate on coagulation factors in rat hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 87:105518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105518

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mishima E, Ito J, Wu Z, Nakamura T, Wahida A, Doll S, Tonnus W, Nepachalovich P et al (2022) A non-canonical vitamin K cycle is a potent ferroptosis suppressor. Nature 608:778–783. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05022-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mishima E, Wahida A, Seibt T, Conrad M (2023) Diverse biological functions of vitamin K: from coagulation to ferroptosis. Nat Metab 5:924–932. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-023-00821-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rost S, Fregin A, Ivaskevicius V, Conzelmann E, Hortnagel K, Pelz HJ, Lappegard K, Seifried E et al (2004) Mutations in VKORC1 cause warfarin resistance and multiple coagulation factor deficiency type 2. Nature 427:537–541. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02214

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li T, Chang CY, Jin DY, Lin PJ, Khvorova A, Stafford DW (2004) Identification of the gene for vitamin K epoxide reductase. Nature 427:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02254

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li W, Schulman S, Dutton RJ, Boyd D, Beckwith J, Rapoport TA (2010) Structure of a bacterial homologue of vitamin K epoxide reductase. Nature 463:507–512. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08720

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rishavy MA, Hallgren KW, Wilson LA, Usubalieva A, Runge KW, Berkner KL (2013) The vitamin k oxidoreductase is a multimer that efficiently reduces vitamin k epoxide to hydroquinone to allow vitamin K-dependent protein carboxylation. J Biol Chem 288:31556–31566. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.497297

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shearer MJ, Okano T (2018) Key pathways and regulators of vitamin K function and intermediary metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 38:127–151. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117-051741

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dai X, Yang X, Feng Y, Wu X, Ju Y, Zou R, Yuan F (2025) The role of vitamin K and its antagonist in the process of ferroptosis-damaged RPE-mediated CNV. Cell Death Dis 16:190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-025-07497-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhalala OG, Pan L, Sahni V, Mcguire TL, Gruner K, Tourtellotte WG, Kessler JA (2012) MicroRNA-21 regulates astrocytic response following spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 32:17935–17947. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3860-12.2012

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Zhu Q, Peng Z, Li XJ, Ding PF, Gao S, Sheng B, Liu Y, et al. (2024) Menaquinone-4 attenuates ferroptosis by upregulating DHODH through activation of SIRT1 after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Free Radic Biol Med 210:416–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.031

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel M, Li Y, Anderson J, Castro-Pedrido S, Skinner R, Lei S, Finkel Z, Rodriguez B et al (2021) Gsx1 promotes locomotor functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Mol Ther 29:2469–2482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.027

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rong Y, Liu W, Wang J, Fan J, Luo Y, Li L, Kong F, Chen J et al (2019) Neural stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles attenuate apoptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury by activating autophagy. Cell Death Dis 10:340. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-019-1571-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Basso DM, Fisher LC, Anderson AJ, Jakeman LB, Mctigue DM, Popovich PG (2006) Basso mouse scale for locomotion detects differences in recovery after spinal cord injury in five common mouse strains. J Neurotrauma 23:635–659. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2006.23.635

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen H, Feng Z, Min L, Tan M, Zhang D, Gong Q, Liu H, Hou J (2023) Vagus nerve stimulation prevents endothelial necroptosis to alleviate blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury. Mol Neurobiol 60:6466–6475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03477-7

Article  CAS  PubMed