Serum miRNA-155 and TREM2 as Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Monitoring Neuroinflammation and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis

Freedman MS, Gnanapavan S, Booth RA, Calabresi PA, Khalil M, Kuhle J, Lycke J, Olsson T (2024) Guidance for use of neurofilament light chain as a cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarker in multiple sclerosis management. EBioMedicine 101:104970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.104970

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suh A, Hampel G, Vinjamuri A, Ong J, Kamran SA, Waisberg E, Paladugu P, Zaman N et al (2024) Oculomics analysis in multiple sclerosis: current ophthalmic clinical and imaging biomarkers. Eye 38(14):2701–2710. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-03132-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agarwal R, Risk BB, Sandlin DS, Mulamalla AR, Sadigh G, Allen JW, Fleischer CC (2024) Effects of financial toxicity and socioeconomic status on MRI follow‐up time in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuroimaging. https://doi.org/10.1002/neo2.10

Article  Google Scholar 

Fleischer V, Brummer T, Muthuraman M, Steffen F, Heldt M, Protopapa M, Schraad M, Gonzalez-Escamilla G et al (2025) Biomarker combinations from different modalities predict early disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 16:1532660. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1532660

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Asl ER, Hosseini SE, Tahmasebi F, Bolandi N, Barati S (2025) MiR-124 and MiR-155 as therapeutic targets in microglia-mediated inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 45(1):63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-025-01578-6

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nikanfar M, Nouri M, Hassanpour M, Rezaei J, Nourazarian A (2025) Elevated miRNA-21, miRNA-155, and miRNA-182 levels correlate with cytokine dysregulation in neurological disorders and indicate potential for biomarker and therapy development. Sci Rep 15(1):23523. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05372-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koruyucu D, Can Demirdöğen B (2025) Exploring miRNA inhibiting therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis: insights from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis studies – a traditional review. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer 15(3):498–508. https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1560606

Article  Google Scholar 

Sanadgol N, Samadi M, Voelz C, Khalseh R, Amini J, Beyer C, Kipp M, Clarner T (2025) Genomic ncRNAs regulating mitochondrial function in neurodegeneration: a neglected clue in the complex etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Cell Biosci 15(1):93. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-025-01438-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yousefi MJ, Afshar Y, Amoozadehsamakoosh A, Naseri A, Soltani F, Yazdanpanah N, Saleki K, Rezaei N (2025) Interplay between innate-like T-cells and microRNAs in cancer immunity. Discov Oncol 16(1):1425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-03234-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zare E, Yaghoubi SM, Khoshnazar M, Jafari Dargahlou S, Machhar JS, Zheng Z, Duijf PHG et al (2025) MicroRNAs in cancer immunology: master regulators of the tumor microenvironment and immune evasion, with therapeutic potential. Cancers (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17132172

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gauthier T, Martin-Rodriguez O, Chague C, Daoui A, Ceroi A, Varin A, Bonnefoy F, Valmary-Degano S et al (2023) Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by in vivo reprogramming of macrophages using pro-resolving factors. J Neuroinflammation 20(1):307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02994-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahlberg E, Al-Kaabawi A, Thune R, Simpson MR, Pedersen SA, Cione E, Jenmalm MC, Tingo L (2023) Breast milk microRNAs: potential players in oral tolerance development. Front Immunol 14:1154211. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154211

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu YJ, Miao HB, Lin S, Chen Z (2023) Current progress in treating systemic lupus erythematosus using exosomes/microRNAs. Cell Transplant 32:9636897221148775. https://doi.org/10.1177/09636897221148775

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shi Q, Gutierrez RA, Bhat MA (2025) Microglia, Trem2, and neurodegeneration. Neuroscientist 31(2):159–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/10738584241254118

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doroszkiewicz J, Winkel I, Mroczko B (2025) Comparative analysis of neuroinflammatory pathways in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis: insights into similarities and distinctions. Front Neurosci 19:1579511. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1579511

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He C, Chen B, Yang H, Zhou X (2025) The dual role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease: from immune regulation to pathological progression. Front Aging Neurosci 17:1554398. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1554398

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cross AH, Gelfand JM, Thebault S, Bennett JL, von Budingen HC, Cameron B, Carruthers R, Edwards K et al (2024) Emerging cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease activity and progression in multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 81(4):373–383. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.0017

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu H, Zhang L, Song B, Ren K, Chen X, Dai Y, Yang Y, Xu Y et al (2025) TREM2-mediated regulation of microglial activity: a promising target for the treatment of ischemic stroke. J Transl Med 23(1):782. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-025-06799-3

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Wang Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Yang L (2025) TREM2(+) macrophages: a key role in disease development. Front Immunol 16:1550893. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1550893

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McCray TJ (2025) The role of TREM2 and the responses mediated by Galectin-3 during age-related myelin degeneration. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Rinaldi A (2025) Microglia derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in brain aging: a rejuvenation approach. Sapienza University of Rome

Chen Y, Yin P, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Jin W, Yu L (2025) Neurodegenerative diseases and immune system: from pathogenic mechanism to therapy. Neural Regen Res. https://doi.org/10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-25-00274

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vermersch P, Airas L, Berger T, Deisenhammer F, Grigoriadis N, Hartung HP, Magyari M, Popescu V et al (2025) The role of microglia in multiple sclerosis: implications for treatment with Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Front Immunol 16:1495529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1495529

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bettcher BM, de Oliveira FF, Willette AA, Michalowska MM, Machado LS, Rajbanshi B, Borelli WV, Tansey MG et al (2025) Analysis and interpretation of inflammatory fluid markers in Alzheimer’s disease: a roadmap for standardization. J Neuroinflammation 22(1):105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-025-03432-4

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heneka MT, Gauthier S, Chandekar SA, Hviid Hahn-Pedersen J, Bentsen MA, Zetterberg H (2025) Neuroinflammatory fluid biomarkers in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic literature review. Mol Psychiatry 30(6):2783–2798. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-02939-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hok AHYS, Del Campo M, Boiten WA, Stoops E, Vanhooren M, Lemstra AW, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE (2023) Neuroinflammatory CSF biomarkers MIF, sTREM1, and sTREM2 show dynamic expression profiles in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 20(1):107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-023-02796-9

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Asih PR, Morris CW, Wang H, Pedrini S, Goozee K, Laws SM, Chatterjee P, Taddei K et al (2025) Plasma soluble TREM2 is associated with plasma pTau-181 and pTau-231 in cognitively normal older adults at risk of Alzheimer’s disease. preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.08.11.25333037

Zhang L, Xiang X, Li Y, Bu G, Chen XF (2025) TREM2 and sTREM2 in Alzheimer’s disease: from mechanisms to therapies. Mol Neurodegener 20(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-025-00834-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maeda T, Mizutani Y, Ohdake R, Nagao R, Kawabata K, Shima S, Ueda A, Ito M et al (2025) Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 in multiple system atrophy: a marker of disease-associated microglial activation. J Neural Transm (Vienna).

Comments (0)

No login
gif