Homeopathic medicines are prepared through potentization, in which succussion is an integral part. Succussion generates “top-down” nanoparticles (NPs), even at dilutions beyond Avogadro's number. Natrium muriaticum is a medicine derived from common table salt and is commonly prescribed clinically.

This study aimed to determine the presence and structural characteristics of NPs in ethanolic Natrium muriaticum across potencies from 4C to 200C using scientific parameters.

Natrium muriaticum potencies were prepared from sodium chloride as per the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India by a GMP-certified manufacturer. Physicochemical characterizations were conducted through analyses of particle size distribution via dynamic light scattering (DLS), surface charge and stability of the NPs analyzed via zeta potential, and spectroscopic investigations (UV–Vis, Fourier Transform Infrared [FTIR] and Raman) to elucidate the structural and chemical evolution across potencies.

DLS of Natrium muriaticum (4C–200C) showed bimodal particle sizes (130 nm–2 µm) with fragmentation at 4C, stable NPs at 110C and re-aggregation at higher potencies. The zeta potential remained negative, most negative at 4C (–20.72 mV) and decreased at higher dilutions. UV–Vis showed a peak shift from 258 to 260 nm, and FTIR and Raman spectra revealed altered hydrogen bonding and molecular reorganization.

Natrium muriaticum potencies exhibited nanoscale structural changes (potency-dependent NPs), molecular variations and slight aggregation at the higher dilutions, indicating distinct physicochemical variations and structural changes with potentization.

S. P. was involved in the research work, collected the data, wrote the original manuscript and critically reviewed the draft manuscript. S. S. T. was involved in the research, collected and organized the data, analyzed the data and wrote the original manuscript. S. P. S. was involved in the research and data collection. A. B. organized, analyzed and wrote the original manuscript and critically reviewed the draft manuscript. G. K. S. analyzed the data and critically reviewed the draft manuscript. T. S. analyzed the data and critically reviewed the draft manuscript. S.S. critically reviewed the manuscript draft. P. S. critically reviewed the manuscript draft. L. M. critically reviewed the draft manuscript. K. V. was involved in the concept of the study, protocol preparation, data organization and critically reviewed the draft manuscript. C. S. T. conceived and designed the study, was involved in protocol preparation, provided the research materials, critically reviewed the draft manuscript and supervised the entire study.

‡ These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received: 23 October 2025

Accepted: 04 December 2025

Article published online:
15 May 2026

© 2026. Faculty of Homeopathy. This article is published by Thieme.

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