Govender K, Nyamaruze P, Cowden RG, Pillay Y, Bekker LG. Children and young women in eastern and southern Africa are key to meeting 2030 HIV targets: time to accelerate action. Lancet HIV. 2023;10(5):e343–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00012-7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Holroyd KB, Vishnevetsky A, Srinivasan M, Saylor D. Neurologic complications of acute HIV infection. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis. 2020;12(3):227–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40506-020-00228-3.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hladik F, et al. Initial events in establishing vaginal entry and infection by human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Immunity. 2007;26(2):257–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2007.01.007.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bai R, et al. Role of microglia in HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Ther. 2023;20(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-023-00511-5.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nühn MM, et al. Shock and kill within the CNS: a promising HIV eradication approach? J Leukoc Biol. 2022;112(5):1297–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/JLB.5VMR0122-046RRR.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Clements JE, et al. The central nervous system as a reservoir for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV): steady-state levels of SIV DNA in brain from acute through asymptomatic infection. J Infect Dis. 2002;186(7):905–13. https://doi.org/10.1086/343768.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Valcour V, et al. Central nervous system viral invasion and inflammation during acute HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(2):275–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis326.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Araínga M, Edagwa B, Mosley RL, Poluektova LY, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE. A mature macrophage is a principal HIV-1 cellular reservoir in humanized mice after treatment with long acting antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology. 2017;14(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-017-0344-7.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Saribas AS, Cicalese S, Ahooyi TM, Khalili K, Amini S, Sariyer IK. HIV-1 Nef is released in extracellular vesicles derived from astrocytes: evidence for Nef-mediated neurotoxicity. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(1):e2542. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2016.467.
Sturdevant CB, Joseph SB, Schnell G, Price RW, Swanstrom R, Spudich S. Compartmentalized replication of R5 T cell-tropic HIV-1 in the central nervous system early in the course of infection. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11(3):e1004720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004720.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Elsheikh MM, Tang Y, Li D, Jiang G. Deep latency: a new insight into a functional HIV cure. EBioMedicine. 2019;45:624–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.020.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tang Y, et al. Brain microglia serve as a persistent HIV reservoir despite durable antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI167417.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sun W, et al. Persistence of intact HIV-1 proviruses in the brain during antiretroviral therapy. Elife. 2023. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.89837.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jamal Eddine J, et al. HIV transcription persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV. PLoS Pathog. 2024;20(8):e1012446. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1012446.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ulfhammer G, et al. Persistent central nervous system immune activation following more than 10 years of effective HIV antiretroviral treatment. AIDS. 2018;32(15):2171–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001950.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Byrnes SJ, et al. Neuroinflammation associated with proviral DNA persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1570692. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1570692.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Spudich S, et al. Persistent HIV-infected cells in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with poorer neurocognitive performance. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(8):3339–46. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI127413.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Winston A, et al. Defining cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA escape: editorial review AIDS. AIDS. 2019;33(Suppl 2):S107–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002252.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ulfhammer G, et al. Asymptomatic cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 escape: incidence and consequences. J Infect Dis. 2025;231(2):e429–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae555.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kincer LP, et al. Neurosymptomatic HIV-1 CSF escape is associated with replication in CNS T cells and inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI176358.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Peluso MJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV escape associated with progressive neurologic dysfunction in patients on antiretroviral therapy with well controlled plasma viral load. AIDS. 2012;26(14):1765–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328355e6b2.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ferretti F, et al. Relapse of symptomatic cerebrospinal fluid HIV escape. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2020;17(5):522–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-020-00526-x.
Mukerji SS, et al. Impact of antiretroviral regimens on cerebrospinal fluid viral escape in a prospective multicohort study of antiretroviral therapy-experienced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-infected adults in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(8):1182–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy267.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Collier DA, Haddow L, Brijkumar J, Moosa MS, Benjamin L, Gupta RK. HIV cerebrospinal fluid escape and neurocognitive pathology in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy: What lies beneath the tip of the iceberg in Sub-Saharan Africa? Brain Sci. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8100190.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Edén A, et al. Asymptomatic cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 viral blips and viral escape during antiretroviral therapy: A longitudinal study. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(12):1822–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw454.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ferretti F, Gisslen M, Cinque P, Price RW. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV escape from antiretroviral therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12(2):280–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-015-0267-7.
de Almeida SM, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid Human Immunodeficiency Virus viral load in patients with neurosyphilis. J Neurovirol. 2010;16(1):6–12. https://doi.org/10.3109/13550280903514776.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Moling O, Rossi P, Rimenti G, Vedovelli C, Mian P. Varicella-zoster virus meningitis and cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(5):398–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/003655401750174309.
Comments (0)