Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janjigian YY, Shitara K, Moehler M, Garrido M, Salman P, Shen L, et al. First-line nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (CheckMate 649): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10294):27–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun JM, Shen L, Shah MA, Enzinger P, Adenis A, Doi T, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for first-line treatment of advanced oesophageal cancer (KEYNOTE-590): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2021;398(10302):759–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Obermannová R, Alsina M, Cervantes A, Leong T, Lordick F, Nilsson M, et al. Oesophageal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(10):992–1004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lordick F, Carneiro F, Cascinu S, Fleitas T, Haustermans K, Piessen G, et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(10):1005–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hsu A, Zayac AS, Eturi A, Almhanna K. Treatment for metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction: 2020. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(17):1109–1109.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

ter Veer E, Haj Mohammad N, van Valkenhoef G, Ngai LL, Mali RMA, van Oijen MGH, et al. Second- and third-line systemic therapy in patients with advanced esophagogastric cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2016;35(3):439–56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shitara K, Doi T, Dvorkin M, Mansoor W, Arkenau HT, Prokharau A, et al. Trifluridine/tipiracil versus placebo in patients with heavily pretreated metastatic gastric cancer (TAGS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(11):1437–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(2):228–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moati E, Taly V, Garinet S, Didelot A, Taieb J, Laurent‐puig P, et al. Role of circulating tumor dna in gastrointestinal cancers: Current knowledge and perspectives. Vol. 13, Cancers. MDPI; 2021

Kirchweger P, Wundsam HV, Rumpold H. Circulating tumor DNA for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. World J Clin Oncol. 2022;13(6):473–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Øgaard N, Iden CR, Jensen SØ, Mustafa SM, Aagaard E, Bramsen JB, et al. DNA methylation markers for sensitive detection of circulating tumor DNA in patients with gastroesophageal cancers. ESMO Gastrointestinal Oncology [Internet]. 2024 Dec;6:100104. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2949819824000657

Kim YW, Kim YH, Song Y, Kim HS, Sim HW, Poojan S, et al. Monitoring circulating tumor DNA by analyzing personalized cancer-specific rearrangements to detect recurrence in gastric cancer. Exp Mol Med. 2019;51(8):1–10.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ococks E, Frankell AM, Masque Soler N, Grehan N, Northrop A, Coles H, et al. Longitudinal tracking of 97 esophageal adenocarcinomas using liquid biopsy sampling. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(4):522–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leal A, van Grieken NCT, Palsgrove DN, Phallen J, Medina JE, Hruban C, et al. White blood cell and cell-free DNA analyses for detection of residual disease in gastric cancer. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):525.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maron SB, Chase LM, Lomnicki S, Kochanny S, Moore KL, Joshi SS, et al. Circulating tumor DNA sequencing analysis of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(23):7098–112.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iden CR, Mustafa SM, Øgaard N, Henriksen T, Jensen SØ, Ahlborn LB, et al. Circulating tumor DNA predicts recurrence and survival in patients with resectable gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-024-01556-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jakobsen AKM, Spindler KLG. ctDNA-Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors - a new measure in medical oncology. Eur J Cancer. 2023;180:180–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spindler KLG, Jakobsen A. Circulating tumor DNA: Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors–can we RECIST? Focus on colorectal cancer. Vol. 15, Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology. SAGE Publications Inc.; 2023

Baeksgaard Jensen L, Yilmaz M, Nordsmark M, Möller S, Elle IC, Ladekarl M, et al. TRIFLURIDINE/TIPIRACIL (FTD/TPI) with or without bevacizumab in previously treated patients with esophago-gastric adenocarcinoma, a randomised phase III trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;1:70.

Google Scholar 

Jensen SØ, Øgaard N, Ørntoft MBW, Rasmussen MH, Bramsen JB, Kristensen H, et al. Novel DNA methylation biomarkers show high sensitivity and specificity for blood-based detection of colorectal cancer—a clinical biomarker discovery and validation study. Clin Epigenetics. 2019;11(1):158.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jensen SØ, Øgaard N, Nielsen HJ, Bramsen JB, Andersen CL. Enhanced performance of DNA methylation markers by simultaneous measurement of sense and antisense DNA strands after cytosine conversion. Clin Chem. 2020;66(7):925–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thuss-Patience PC, Kretzschmar A, Bichev D, Deist T, Hinke A, Breithaupt K, et al. Survival advantage for irinotecan versus best supportive care as second-line chemotherapy in gastric cancer–a randomised phase III study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(15):2306–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ford H, Gounaris I. Docetaxel and its potential in the treatment of refractory esophagogastric adenocarcinoma. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2015;8(4):189–205.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wilke H, Muro K, Van Cutsem E, Oh SC, Bodoky G, Shimada Y, et al. Ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in patients with previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (RAINBOW): a double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(11):1224–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vandeputte C, Kehagias P, El Housni H, Ameye L, Laes JF, Desmedt C, et al. Circulating tumor DNA in early response assessment and monitoring of advanced colorectal cancer treated with a multi-kinase inhibitor. Oncotarget. 2018;9(25):17756–69.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Openshaw MR, Mohamed AA, Ottolini B, Fernandez-Garcia D, Richards CJ, Page K, et al. Longitudinal monitoring of circulating tumour DNA improves prognostication and relapse detection in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2020;123(8):1271–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tougeron D, Louvet C, Desramé J, Evesque L, Angelergues A, Carnot A, et al. Circulating tumor DNA strongly predicts efficacy of chemotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced gastro-esophageal adenocarcinoma. Communications Medicine. 2025;5(1):136.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chakrabarti S, Bajor DL, Lumish MA, Conces M, Mohamed A, Mahipal A, et al. Short interval circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) kinetics as a predictor of tumor re-sponse in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based treatment. 2025.

Tatalovic S, Doleschal B, Kupferthaler A, Grundner S, Burghofer J, Webersinke G, et al. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) dynamics predict early response to treatment in metastasized gastroesophageal cancer (mGEC) after 2 weeks of systemic treatment. Cancers. 2024;16(23):3960.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar