Victor M, Adams RD, Collins GH. The Wernicke’s Korsakoff’s Syndrome. A clinical-pathological Study of 245 patients, 82 with postmortem examination. Contemp Neurol Ser. 1971;1. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1972.03190290075032.
Thomson AD, Cook CC, Guerrini I, Sheedy D, Harper C, Marshall EJ. Wernicke’s encephalopathy revisited. Translation of the case history section of the original manuscript by Carl Wernicke ‘Lehrbuch der Gehirnkrankheiten fur Aerzte and Studirende’ (1881) with a commentary. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008;43:174–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agm144.
Devic Eugene. Myélite subaiguë compliquée de névrite optique. Bull Med, 1894;8:1033–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150200020
Li JM, Rucker JC. Irreversible optic neuropathy in wernicke encephalopathy and leber hereditary optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2010;30:49–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0b013e3181ce80c6.
Nachbor KM, Adams OE, Liaboe CA, Abel AS. Acute bilateral optic neuropathy: A rare presentation of wernicke encephalopathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2023;43:e177e179. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000001527.
Mohamed IA, Mohammed NE, Adam M, Rahma S, Jamal I, Sajid J. Wernicke Encephalopathy and possible myelopathy following removal of an intragastric balloon: A rare complication in a bariatric patient. Cureus. 2025;17:e93156. 0.7759/cureus.93156.
Ishikawa S, Ando K, Katakami T, Kawamoto M. Cervical cord lesions in Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Radiol Case Rep. 2022;17:2424–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2022.04.004.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vein A. Sergey Sergeevich Korsakov (1854–1900). J Neurol. 2009;256:1782–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-009-5289.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Williams RRCJ. Synthesis of vitamin B1. J Am Che Soc. 1936;58. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2017-0054.
Gamper E. Zur Frage der Polioencephalitis haemorrhagica der chronischen Alkoholiker. Anatomische Befunde beim alkoholischen Korsakow und ihre Beziehungen zum klinischen Bild. Dtsch Z für Nervenheilkunde. 1928;102:122–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01668327.
Schroth G, Wichmann W, Valavanis A. Blood-brain-barrier disruption in acute Wernicke encephalopathy: MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1991;15:1059–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-199111000-00034.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zuccoli G, Santa Cruz D, Bertolini M, et al. MR imaging findings in 56 patients with Wernicke encephalopathy: nonalcoholics may differ from alcoholics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30:171–6. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1280.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ, Verkman AS, Hinson SR. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med. 2005;202:473–7. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050304.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang D, Yang X, Zhang Z, Zhao W, Duan P, Du G. Nonalcoholic Wernicke’s encephalopathy followed by neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A case report. Neurol India. 2019;67:1562–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.273629.
Shirah BHHA. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder mimicking Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Multiple Scler Relat Disorders. 2023;71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2022.104336.
Shan F, Zhong R, Wu L, Fan Y, Long Y, Gao C. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders may be misdiagnosed as Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Int J Neurosci. 2016;126:922–7. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2015.1084619.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Karri M, Ramasamy B, Perumal S, Kannan KT. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder mimicking Wernicke’s encephalopathy. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2020;50:305–6. https://doi.org/10.4997/jrcpe.2020.320.
Saito T, Nakano K, Uchiyama T. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders resembling Wernicke’s encephalopathy: A case report and review of literature. Cureus. 2024;16:e63920. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.63920.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Supahiah P, Thomas BHI, Zhen PC, Aris AM, Abdul-Jalil F, Din NM. Wernicke encephalopathy as the first presentation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with horizontal nerve palsy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2023;43:e293–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000001444.
Abdou E, Hazell AS. Thiamine deficiency: an update of pathophysiologic mechanisms and future therapeutic considerations. Neurochem Res. 2015;40:353–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-014-1430.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Verkman AS, Binder DK, Bloch O, Auguste K, Papadopoulos MC. Three distinct roles of aquaporin-4 in brain function revealed by knockout mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1758:1085–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.02.018.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hazell AS. Astrocytes are a major target in thiamine deficiency and Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Neurochem Int. 2009;55:129–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2009.02.020.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hazell AS, Sheedy D, Oanea R, et al. Loss of astrocytic glutamate transporters in Wernicke encephalopathy. Glia. 2010;58:148–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20908.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hazell AS, Todd KG, Butterworth RF. Mechanisms of neuronal cell death in Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 1998;13:97–122. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020657129593.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sechi G, Serra A. Wernicke’s encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:442–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70104-7.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hawken J, Robertson N. The role of optical coherence tomography in neurodegenerative disease. J Neurol. 2024;271:5696–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0045/12547-2.
Caine D, Halliday GM, Kril JJ, Harper CG. Operational criteria for the classification of chronic alcoholics: identification of Wernicke’s encephalopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.62.1.51.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kattah JC. Early Signs of Thiamine deficiency: A case report. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:72–3. https://doi.org/10.7326/L19-0836.
Kattah JC, Dhanani SS, Pula JH, Mantokoudis G, Tehrani ASS, Toker DEN. Vestibular signs of thiamine deficiency during the early phase of suspected Wernicke encephalopathy. Neurol Clin Pract. 2013;3:460–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.CPJ.0000435749.32868.91.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jarius S, Aktas O, Ayzenberg I, et al. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part I: Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. J Neurol. 2023;270:3341–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-11910-z.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Isen DR, Kline LB. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of Wernicke encephalopathy. Eye Brain. 2020;12:49–60. https://doi.org/10.2147/EB.S234078.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
De Wardener HEL, Lennox B MB. M.D.1. LANCET 1947;1. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(98)00037-3
Chan H, Butterworth RF, Hazell AS. Primary cultures of rat astrocytes respond to thiamine deficiency-induced swelling by downregulating aquaporin-4 levels. Neurosci Lett. 2004;366:231–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.095.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ota Y, Capizzano AA, Moritani T, Naganawa S, Kurokawa R, Srinivasan A. Comprehensive review of Wernicke encephalopathy: pathophysiology, clinical symptoms and imaging findings. Jpn J Radiol. 2020;38:809–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-020-00989-3.
Comments (0)