Umeh OD, Chegwe S, Utomi IL. An evaluation of cephalometric predictors of anterior open bite; An assessment of dental and skeletal parameters in an orthodontic population. Journal of Orthodontic Science. 2024 Feb 1;13(1):10. DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_56_23

2. McNamara JA, Burdon R. Classification of open bite malocclusion: Skeletal and dental perspectives. *Int J Dent. 2016;2016:3147972.

3. Obeisi AH, Alanazi MM, Natto SB, Alsalmi HA, Alzahrani AA, Alotaibi RA, Aljari AA, Alzahrani SB, Alamri FB, Alghamdi AF, Katib HS. Long-Term Stability and Safety of Orthognathic-Orthodontic Correction for Skeletal Anterior Open Bite: A Systematic Review and Evidence Appraisal. Cureus. 2025 Dec 9;17(12). DOI: 10.7759/cureus.98816

4. Avrella MT, Zimmermann DR, Andriani JS, Santos PS, Barasuol JC. Prevalence of anterior open bite in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2022 Jun;23(3):355-64.

5. Burford D, Noar J. The causes, diagnosis and treatment of anterior open bite. *Dent Update.* 2003;30(5):235–241.

6. Mizrahi E. A review of anterior open bite. *Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.* 1978;74(5):562–573.

7. Alhammadi MS, et al. Cephalometric and facial morphological characteristics of anterior open bite: A 3D analysis. *J Pers Med.* 2023;13(11):1617.

8. Paoloni, V., Lugli, L., Danesi, C. et al. Mandibular morphometric analysis in open bite early treatment relapse subjects: a retrospective observational pilot study. BMC Oral Health 22, 555 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02546-y

9. Marghalani HY, AlQahtani EA, AlQahtani AM, AlBuhayri FS, Alqazlan FS, Al-shardi SI, Alqoawiei YS, khalid Asiri F, AlOyouni AA, AlTamimi EA, Alzahrani KT. Relationship between thumb sucking and the anterior open bite in children’s preschool. Cahiers magellanes-ns. 2024 Dec 27;6(2):8128-40.

10. Luyten J, Vierendeel M, De Roo NM, Temmerman L, De Pauw GA. A non-cephalometric three-dimensional appraisal of soft tissue changes by functional appliances in orthodontics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2022 Aug 1;44(4):458-67.

11. Abdullah MS, et al. Cephalometric comparison of skeletal and dental features in anterior open bite and normal occlusion. *Saudi Dent J.* 2008;20(3):145–152. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjac002

12. Gu D, Leroux B, Finkleman S, Todoki L, Greenlee G, Allareddy V, Jolley C, Vermette M, Shin K, Kau CH, de Jesus-Vinas J. Anterior openbite malocclusion in adults. The Angle Orthodontist. 2022 Jan 1;92(1):27-35. 10.2319/071221-549.1. DOI: 10.2319/071221-549.1

13. Beane RA, Reimann G, Phillips C, Tulloch C. A cephalometric comparison of black open-bite subjects and black normals. The Angle Orthodontist. 2003 Jun 1;73(3):294-300. 10.1043/0003-3219(2003)073<0294:ACCOBO>2.0.CO;2

14. Albitar MA, Burhan AS, Hajeer MY, Aljabban O, Ajaj MA, Nawaya FR, Zakaria AS, Hajeer MY, Ajaj Sr MA, Nawaya F, Zakaria Sr AS. Evaluation of the Relationship Between Facial Measurements and Esthetic Evaluation of the Face in Patients With a Vertical Growth Pattern. Cureus. 2025 Jan 6;17(1). DOI: 10.7759/cureus.77021

15. Hashim HA, Al-Sayed N, Al-Obaidli MN. Comparative Study on the Impact of Vertical Growth on dental and Soft Tissue Profile. Oral Health Dental Sci. 2024;8(1):1-2. https://www.scivisionpub.com/pdfs/comparative-study-on-the-impact-of-vertical-growth-on-dental-and-soft-tissue-profile-3122.pdf

16. Paddenberg, E., Proff, P. & Kirschneck, C. Floating norms for individualising the ANB angle and the WITS appraisal in orthodontic cephalometric analysis based on guiding variables. J Orofac Orthop 84, 10–18 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-021-00322-1

17. Fatima S, Qamruddin I, Bokhari S, Siddiqui H, Bibi A, Ahmed HZ. Cranial Base Growth and Its Relation with Sagittal Skeletal Discrepancies. Malaysian Dental Journal. 2024 Jul 1;47(2):52-7. DOI: 10.4103/MDJ.MDJ_17_24

18. Oh JW, Ahn YW, Jeong SH, Ju HM, Song BS, Ok SM. Prediction of anterior open-bite development after stabilization splint treatment in patients with temporomandibular disorder. CRANIO®. 2022 Jul 4;40(4):324-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2020.1792220

19. Albarakani, A.Y., Zheng, Bw., Hong, J. et al. A comparison of maxillary sinus diameters in Chinese and Yemeni patients with skeletal malocclusion. BMC Oral Health 22, 582 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02633-0

20. Besmer AV. Comparison of Maxillary Occlusal Plane and U6-Nasal Floor Values in Patients With Posterior Dentoalveolar Hyperplasia With and Without Open-Bite (Master's thesis, Saint Louis University). https://www.proquest.com/openview/d22e1870c24e35ed4f274ed4eb7dac3a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

21. Shahabi YI, Ahmad N, Tajik I, Khattak HR, Hashim Z. Correlation between molars angulation, overbite and vertical skeletal pattern. Khyber Medical University Journal. 2022 Dec 31;14(4):269-72. doi:10.35845/kmuj.2022.21297.