: Rise, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Directions

Li D, Fan S, Zhao H, Song J, Guo L, Li W, et al. Worldwide trends and future projections of fungal skin disease burden: a comprehensive analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases study 2021. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1580221.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Urban K, Chu S, Scheufele C, Giesey R, Mehrmal S, Uppal P, et al. The global, regional, and national burden of fungal skin diseases in 195 countries and territories: a cross-sectional analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. JAAD Int. 2021;2:22–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rengasamy M, Shenoy M, Dogra S, Asokan N, Khurana A, Poojary S, et al. Indian association of dermatologists, venereologists and leprologists (IADVL) task force against recalcitrant tinea (ITART) consensus on the management of glabrous tinea (INTACT). Indian Dermatol Online J. 2020;11(4):502–19.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Havlickova B, Czaika VA, Friedrich M. Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide. Mycoses. 2008;51(s4):2–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McTaggart LR, Cronin K, Ruscica S, Patel SN, Kus JV, Dingle TC. Emergence of terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton indotineae in Ontario, Canada, 2014–2023. J Clin Microbiol. 2025;63(1):e0153524.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Hoog GS, Dukik K, Monod M, Packeu A, Stubbe D, Hendrickx M, et al. Toward a novel multilocus phylogenetic taxonomy for the dermatophytes. Mycopathologia. 2017;182(1–2):5–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Posso-De Los Rios CJ, Tadros E, Summerbell RC, Scott JA. Terbinafine resistant Trichophyton indotineae isolated in patients with superficial dermatophyte infection in Canadian patients. J Cutan Med Surg. 2022;26(4):371–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shenoy MM, Rengasamy M, Dogra S, Kaur T, Asokan N, Sarveswari KN, et al. A multicentric clinical and epidemiological study of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis in India. Mycoses. 2022;65(1):13–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martinez-Rossi NM, Peres NTA, Rossi A. Pathogenesis of dermatophytosis: sensing the host tissue. Mycopathologia. 2017;182(1–2):215–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

White TC, Oliver BG, Gräser Y, Henn MR. Generating and testing molecular hypotheses in the dermatophytes. Eukaryot Cell. 2008;7(8):1238–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jabet A, Chiarabini T, Hennequin C, Bouscarat F, Valin N, Cruchet R, et al. Autochthonous transmission of Trichophyton indotineae through sexual contact, France, 2024. Eur Commun Dis Bull. 2025;30(26):1.

Google Scholar 

Spivack S, Gold JAW, Lockhart SR, Anand P, Quilter LAS, Smith DJ, et al. Potential sexual transmission of antifungal-resistant Trichophyton indotineae. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(4):807–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Napolitano M, Esposito M, Fargnoli MC, Girolomoni G, Romita P, Nicoli E, et al. Infections in patients with atopic dermatitis and the influence of treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2025;26(2):183–97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kruithoff C, Gamal A, McCormick TS, Ghannoum MA. Dermatophyte infections worldwide: increase in incidence and associated antifungal resistance. Life Basel. 2023;14(1):1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jabet A, Normand A-C, Brun S, Dannaoui E, Bachmeyer C, Piarroux R, et al. Trichophyton indotineae, from epidemiology to therapeutic. J Med Mycol. 2023;33(3):101383.

Article  Google Scholar 

Caplan AS, Todd GC, Zhu Y, Sikora M, Akoh CC, Jakus J, et al. Clinical course, antifungal susceptibility, and genomic sequencing of Trichophyton indotineae. JAMA Dermatol. 2024;160(7):701–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martinez-Rossi NM, Peres NT, Bitencourt TA, Martins MP, Rossi A. State-of-the-art dermatophyte infections: epidemiology aspects, pathophysiology, and resistance mechanisms. J Fungi Basel. 2021;7(8):629.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khurana A, Sharath S, Sardana K, Chowdhary A. Clinico-mycological and therapeutic updates on cutaneous dermatophytic infections in the era of Trichophyton indotineae. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024;91(2):315–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ebert A, Monod M, Salamin K, Burmester A, Uhrlaß S, Wiegand C, et al. Alarming India‐wide phenomenon of antifungal resistance in dermatophytes: a multicentre study. Mycoses. 2020;63(7):717–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nenoff P, Verma SB, Vasani R, Burmester A, Hipler UC, Wittig F, et al. The current Indian epidemic of superficial dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes—a molecular study. Mycoses. 2019;62(4):336–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudramurthy SM, Shankarnarayan SA, Dogra S, Shaw D, Mushtaq K, Paul RA, et al. Mutation in the squalene epoxidase gene of Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum associated with allylamine resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(5):e02522-17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Singh A, Masih A, Khurana A, Singh PK, Gupta M, Hagen F, et al. High terbinafine resistance in Trichophyton interdigitale isolates in Delhi, India harbouring mutations in the squalene epoxidase gene. Mycoses. 2018;61(7):477–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ortiz B, Ballesteros‐Monrreal MG, Rosales‐Tamashiro J, Bush M, Salmanton‐García J, Fontecha G. Global insights and trends in research on dermatophytes and dermatophytosis: a bibliometric analysis. Mycoses. 2024;67(10):e13803.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta AK, Ravi SP, Wang T, Cooper EA, Lincoln SA, Foreman H-C, et al. Antifungal resistance, susceptibility testing and treatment of recalcitrant dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton indotineae: a North American perspective on management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2023;24(6):927–38.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caplan AS, Gold JAW, Smith DJ, Lipner SR, Pappas PG, Elewski B. Improving antifungal stewardship in dermatology in an era of emerging dermatophyte resistance improving antifungal stewardship in dermatology in an era of emerging dermatophyte resistance. JAAD international. 2024;15:168–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Uhrlaß S, Verma SB, Gräser Y, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Hatami M, Schaller M, et al. Trichophyton indotineae—an emerging pathogen causing recalcitrant dermatophytoses in India and worldwide—a multidimensional perspective. J Fungi. 2022;8(7):757.

Article  Google Scholar 

Burmester A, Hipler UC, Elsner P, Wiegand C. Point mutations in the squalene epoxidase erg1 and sterol 14‐α demethylase erg11 gene of T indotineae isolates indicate that the resistant mutant strains evolved independently. Mycoses. 2022;65(1):97–102.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bishnoi A, Vinay K, Dogra S. Emergence of recalcitrant dermatophytosis in India. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(3):250–1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dogra S, Uprety S. The menace of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis in India: is the problem deeper than we perceive? Indian Dermatol Online J. 2016;7(2):73–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verma S, Madhu R. The great Indian epidemic of superficial dermatophytosis: an appraisal. Indian J Dermatol. 2017;62(3):227–36.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jabet A, Brun S, Normand A-C, Imbert S, Akhoundi M, Dannaoui E, et al. Extensive dermatophytosis caused by terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton indotineae, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28(1):229–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verma SB, Khurana A, Bosshard PP, Kargl A, Singal A, Saraswat A, et al. 'Trichophyton indotineae’ is an inaccurate and pejorative term. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2025;91(2):277–80.

Article 

Comments (0)

No login
gif