Misra A, Sattar N, Ghosh A, Nassar M, Jayawardena R, Gupta R. Type 2 diabetes in South Asians. BMJ. 2025;390:e079801. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-079801.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feingold KR. Oral and Injectable (Non-Insulin) Pharmacological Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. In: Feingold KR, Ahmed SF, Anawalt B, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000– [updated 2024 Sep 11; cited 2025 Oct 25]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279141/

Dreher L, Kylies D, Danser AHJ, Wenzel UO. Incretin-based therapies: a paradigm shift in blood pressure management? Hypertension. 2025;82(7):1167–74. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25112.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Collins L, Costello RA. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan– [updated 2024 Feb 29; cited 2025 Oct 25]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/

FDA. Medical Review of Dulaglutide. Accessed from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2014/125469orig1s000medredt.pdf. Accessed 19 Nov 2025

Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Pais P, et al. REWIND Investigators. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):121–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31149-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Branch KRH, Dagenais GR, Avezum A, Basile J, Conget I, Cushman WC, et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular and heart failure outcomes in patients with and without heart failure: a post-hoc analysis from the REWIND randomized trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24(10):1805–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2670.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rebelo TG, de Araujo Paysano MLB, Matheus GTFU, Ribeiro DM, Said TB, Kelly FA. Effects of oral semaglutide on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2025;440:133683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2025.133683.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, Deanfield J, Emerson SS, Esbjerg S, et al.; SELECT Trial Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(24):2221–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2307563.

Eli Lilly and Company. Lilly’s Mounjaro (tirzepatide), a GIP/GLP-1 dual agonist, demonstrated cardiovascular protection in landmark head-to-head trial, reinforcing its benefit in patients with type 2 diabetes and heart disease [news release]. Indianapolis (IN): Eli Lilly and Company; 2025 Jul 27 [cited 2025 Oct 25]. https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/lillys-mounjaro-tirzepatide-gipglp-1-dual-agonist-demonstrated

Misra A. Rational application of weight loss therapies according to new obesity guidelines in Asian Indians: a perspective for low-income settings. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2025;19(4):103226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2025.103226.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Misra A, Vikram NK, Ghosh A, Ranjan P, Gulati S, India Obesity Commission Members. Revised definition of obesity in Asian Indians living in India. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2025;19(1):102989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2024.102989

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nauck MA, D’Alessio DA. Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with unmatched effectiveness regrading glycaemic control and body weight reduction. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01604-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jódar E, Leiter LA, et al.; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834–44. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141.

Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M, Dungan K, Eliaschewitz FG, Franco DR, et al.; PIONEER 6 Investigators. Oral Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(9):841–51. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1901118.

Marx N, Deanfield JE, Mann JFE, Arechavaleta R, Bain SC, Bajaj HS, et al.; SOUL Study Group. Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes, according to SGLT2i use: prespecified analyses of the SOUL randomized trial. Circulation. 2025;151(23):1639–50. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.074545.

EMEDZ.NET. Tirzepatide vs. dulaglutide: what the SURPASS-CVOT trial reveals about heart health in type 2 diabetes [Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Oct 26]. https://emedz.net/blog/tirzepatide-vs-dulaglutide

Kim HS, Cho YK, Kim MJ, Jung CH, Park JY, Lee WJ. Durability of glucose-lowering effect of dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a real-world data study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1032793. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1032793.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Davies M, Pieber TR, Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Hansen OKH, Jabbour S, Rosenstock J. Effect of oral semaglutide compared with placebo and subcutaneous semaglutide on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(15):1460–70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.14752.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hamza M, Papamargaritis D, Davies MJ. Tirzepatide for overweight and obesity management. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2025;26(1):31–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2024.2436595.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonora E, Frias JP, Tinahones FJ, Van J, Malik RE, Yu Z, et al. Effect of dulaglutide 3.0 and 4.5 mg on weight in patients with type 2 diabetes: exploratory analyses of AWARD-11. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(10):2242–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14465.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hankosky ER, He X, Malik R, Fraseur Brumm J, Wang F, Niemeyer A, et al. Tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg versus semaglutide 2.4 mg in people with obesity or overweight with type 2 diabetes: an indirect treatment comparison. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(7):3757–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16401.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Powell J, Taylor J. Use of dulaglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide in diabetes and weight management. Clin Ther. 2024;46(3):289–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.12.014.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Samajdar SS, Bhaduri G, Ghoshal PK, Mukherjee S, Pal J, Chatterjee N, et al. Dual effects of dulaglutide on glycemic control and knee osteoarthritis pain in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Pain Manag. 2024;14(7):365–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/17581869.2024.2402214.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xie X, Yang S, Deng S, Liu Y, Xu Z, He B. Comparative gastrointestinal adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and multi-target analogs in type 2 diabetes: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1613610. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1613610.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tian Q, Song Y, Deng Y, Lin S. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide for weight loss in patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1593134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1593134.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinto M, Brennan L, Diehl K, Lin S, Heacock S. Real-world comparison of oral versus injectable semaglutide for the reduction of hemoglobin A1C and weight in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Pharm Technol. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225241289959.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van J, Frias JP, Bonora E, Raha S, Meyer J, Jung H, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg: a post hoc analysis of AWARD-11. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12(10):2783–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-021-01140-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mody R, Huang Q, Yu M, Zhao R, Patel H, Grabner M, et al. Adherence, persistence, glycaemic control and costs among patients with type 2 diabetes initiating dulaglutide compared with liraglutide or exenatide once weekly at 12-month follow-up in a real-world setting in the United States. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(4):920–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13603.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zimner Rapuch S, Divino V, Norrbacka K, Boye K, Lebrec J, Rosilio M, et al. Treatment patterns and persistence with GLP-1 RA treatments among patients with type 2 diabetes in France: a retrospective cohort analysis. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12(5):1553–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-021-01055-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frias JP, Nauck MA, Van J, Benson C, Bray R, Cui X, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of tirzepatide, a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate different dose-escalation regimens. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(6):938–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13979.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Hout M, Forte P, Jensen TB, Boschini C, Bækdal TA. Effect of various dosing schedules on the pharmacokinetics of oral semaglutide: a randomised trial in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2023;62(4):635–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-023-01223-9.

Article  CAS