GBD 2023 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet. 2025;406:1811–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01917-8.
Liang C-S, Li D-J, Yang F-C, Tseng P-T, Carvalho AF, Stubbs B, et al. Mortality rates in Alzheimer’s disease and non-Alzheimer’s dementias: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021;2:e479–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00140-9.
WHO. WHO definition of palliative care [Internet]. WHO. [cited 2018 Jan 27]. http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/. Accessed 27 Jan 2018.
van der Steen JT, Radbruch L, Hertogh CMPM, de Boer ME, Hughes JC, Larkin P, et al. White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care. Palliat Med. 2014;28:197–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216313493685.
Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139:1136–9. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.9.1136.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mitchell SL. CLINICAL PRACTICE. Advanced Dementia. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2533–40. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1412652.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sclan SG, Reisberg B. Functional assessment staging (FAST) in Alzheimer’s disease: reliability, validity, and ordinality. Int Psychogeriatr. 1992;4(Suppl 1):55–69. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610292001157.
Gupta E, Patel P. Palliative care in dementia. Ann Palliat Med. 2024;13:791–807. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-23-503.
Murray SA, Kendall M, Boyd K, Sheikh A. Illness trajectories and palliative care. BMJ. 2005;330:1007–11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7498.1007.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Orlovic M, Droney J, Vickerstaff V, Rosling J, Bearne A, Powell M, et al. Accuracy of clinical predictions of prognosis at the end-of-life: evidence from routinely collected data in urgent care records. BMC Palliat Care. 2023;22:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-023-01155-y.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mitchell SL, Miller SC, Teno JM, Davis RB, Shaffer ML. The Advanced Dementia Prognostic Tool: a risk score to estimate survival in nursing home residents with advanced dementia. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010;40:639–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.02.014.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Deardorff WJ, Barnes DE, Jeon SY, Boscardin WJ, Langa KM, Covinsky KE, et al. Development and external validation of a mortality prediction model for community-dwelling older adults with dementia. JAMA Intern Med. 2022;182:1161–70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4326.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
McCoy TH, Perlis RH. Predicting hospice eligibility among dementia patients using language models. Alzheimers Dement. 2025;21:e70878. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.70878.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang L, Sha L, Lakin JR, Bynum J, Bates DW, Hong P, et al. Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for mortality prediction in selecting patients with dementia for earlier palliative care interventions. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e196972. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6972.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mitchell SL, Teno JM, Kiely DK, Shaffer ML, Jones RN, Prigerson HG, et al. The clinical course of advanced dementia. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1529–38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0902234.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mitchell SL, Mor V, Gozalo PL, Servadio JL, Teno JM. Tube feeding in US nursing home residents with advanced dementia, 2000–2014. JAMA. 2016;316:769–70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.9374.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gillick MR. Rethinking the role of tube feeding in patients with advanced dementia. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:206–10. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200001203420312.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lee Y-F, Hsu T-W, Liang C-S, Yeh T-C, Chen T-Y, Chen N-C, et al. The efficacy and safety of tube feeding in advanced dementia patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22:357–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.035.
Davies N, Barrado-Martín Y, Vickerstaff V, Rait G, Fukui A, Candy B, et al. Enteral tube feeding for people with severe dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;8:CD013503. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013503.pub2.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Volkert D, Beck AM, Faxén-Irving G, Frühwald T, Hooper L, Keller H, et al. ESPEN guideline on nutrition and hydration in dementia - Update 2024. Clin Nutr. 2024;43:1599–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.04.039.
American Geriatrics Society Ethics Committee and Clinical Practice and Models of Care Committee. American Geriatrics Society feeding tubes in advanced dementia position statement. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:1590–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12924.
Stall NM, Quinn KL, van der Steen JT, Trimble J, Clarfield AM, Mitchell SL. Enteral tube feeding in people with advanced dementia. BMJ. 2025;389:e075326. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-075326.
Malhotra C, Andres EB, Ramakrishnan C. The end of life with dementia in Asian countries: barriers, facilitators and a research agenda for advancing a palliative approach. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2026;74:522–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.70283.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Avnon Sawicki A, Dwolatzky T, Clarfield AM. Medical choices regarding feeding tubes in patients with end-stage dementia in Israel: nasogastric vs. percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Eur Geriatr Med. 2023;14:219–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-022-00725-2.
Sternberg SA, Shinan-Altman S, Volicer L, Casarett DJ, van der Steen JT. Palliative care in advanced dementia: comparison of strategies in three countries. Geriatr (Basel). 2021;6:44. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics6020044.
Erel M, Marcus E-L, Dekeyser-Ganz F. Barriers to palliative care for advanced dementia: a scoping review. Ann Palliat Med. 2017;6:365–79. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm.2017.06.13.
Mitchell SL, Shaffer ML, Loeb MB, Givens JL, Habtemariam D, Kiely DK, et al. Infection management and multidrug-resistant organisms in nursing home residents with advanced dementia. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1660–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.3918.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Loeb M, Bentley DW, Bradley S, Crossley K, Garibaldi R, Gantz N, et al. Development of minimum criteria for the initiation of antibiotics in residents of long-term-care facilities: results of a consensus conference. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2001;22:120–4. https://doi.org/10.1086/501875.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Givens JL, Jones RN, Shaffer ML, Kiely DK, Mitchell SL. Survival and comfort after treatment of pneumonia in advanced dementia. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1102–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.181.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dufour AB, Shaffer ML, D’Agata EMC, Habtemariam D, Mitchell SL. Survival after suspected urinary tract infection in individuals with advanced dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63:2472–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13833.
Comments (0)