Sanghavi M, Rutherford JD. Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. Circulation. 2014;130(12):1003–8.
Roos-Hesselink J, Baris L, Johnson M, De Backer J, Otto C, Marelli A, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with cardiovascular disease: evolving trends over 10 years in the ESC Registry Of Pregnancy And Cardiac disease (ROPAC). Eur Heart J. 2019;40(47):3848–55.
De Backer J, Haugaa KH, Hasselberg NE, De Hosson M, Brida M, Castelletti S, et al. 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy: Developed by the task force on the management of cardiovascular disease and pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Society of Gynecology (ESG). Eur Heart J. 2025;46(43):4462–568.
Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care 2025: Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2021–23 | MBRRACE-UK | NPEU [Internet]. [cited 2026 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/mbrrace-uk/reports/maternal-reports/maternal-report-2021-2023.
Pregnancy and Heart Disease [Internet]. [cited 2026 Feb 5]. Available from: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2019/05/pregnancy-and-heart-disease.
Justin Paul G, Anne Princy S, Anju S, Anita S, Cecily Mary M, Gnanavelu G, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with heart disease: the Madras Medical College Pregnancy And Cardiac (M-PAC) Registry from India. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(17):1530–40.
Silversides CK, Grewal J, Mason J, Sermer M, Kiess M, Rychel V, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with heart disease: the CARPREG II study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(21):2419–30.
Cl R, Kj J, Fw D, C Z, M van D. External validation of prognostic models: what, why, how, when and where? Clin Kidney J [Internet]. 2020 Nov 24 [cited 2026 Jan 30];14(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33564405/.
Feto–maternal outcome in pregnancy with Heart Disease: A tertiary care centre experience | Request PDF [Internet]. [cited 2026 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350435490_Feto-maternal_outcome_in_pregnancy_with_Heart_Disease_A_tertiary_care_centre_experience.
Ravula PC, Aziz N, Surapaneni T, Kolar G, Vavilala S, Fernandez E. Clinical profile, risk factor stratification and outcomes of the Fernandez birth cohort from India: a decade of experience. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2025;75(5):422–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Baghel J, Keepanasseril A, Pillai AA, Mondal N, Jeganathan Y, Kundra P. Prediction of adverse cardiac events in pregnant women with valvular rheumatic heart disease. Heart. 2020;106(18):1400–6.
Wander G, van der Zande JA, Patel RR, Johnson MR, Roos-Hesselink J. Pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: a focus on management and preventing the risk of complications. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2023;21(8):587–99.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Mehta LR, Shah J. Cardiac diseases in pregnancy: clinical profile and feto-maternal complications. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017;6(11):4934–7.
van der Zande JA, Ramlakhan KP, Sliwa K, Gnanaraj JP, Al Farhan H, Malhamé I, Otto CM, Vasallo Peraza R, Marelli A, Maggioni AP, Cornette JM. Pregnancy with a prosthetic heart valve, thrombosis, and bleeding: the ESC EORP Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac disease III. Eur Heart J. 2025;ehaf265.
Sliwa K, Petrie MC, van der Meer P, Mebazaa A, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Jackson AM, et al. Clinical presentation, management, and 6-month outcomes in women with peripartum cardiomyopathy: an ESC EORP registry. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(39):3787–97.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Markson F, Shamaki RG, Antia A, Osabutey A, Ogunniyi MO. Trends in the incidence and in-patient outcomes of acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy: insights from the national inpatient sample. Am Heart J Plus Cardiol Res Pract. 2023;1(34):100318.
Denoble AE, Goldstein SA, Wein LE, Grotegut CA, Federspiel JJ. Impact of pre-existing ischemic heart disease on severe maternal morbidity and mortality during delivery hospitalizations. JACC Adv. 2022;1(5):100157.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lindley KJ, Walsh MN. Vaginal delivery remains the preferred mode of delivery for almost all women with cardiovascular disease∗. JACC Heart Fail. 2023;11(12):1690–1.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Wedlund F, von Wowern E, Hlebowicz J. Increased cesarean section rate and premature birth according to modified WHO maternal cardiovascular risk in pregnant women with congenital heart disease. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(11):e0294323.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Aracil Moreno I, Prieto-Arévalo R, Ortega-Abad V, Martín-Manzano V, Pérez-Burrel L, Fraile-López A, et al. Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with heart disease: a case—control study. J Clin Med. 2024;13(17):5084.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Sukayogula M, Surapaneni T, Keepanasseril A. Validation of risk scoring systems in predicting adverse cardiac outcomes in pregnant women with valvular heart disease. Matern Fetal Med. 2025;7(3):145.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Clapp MA, Bernstein SN. Preconception Counseling for Women With Cardiac Disease. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2017;19(9):67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-017-0565-z.
Comments (0)