Li Y, Meador KJ. Epilepsy and pregnancy. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2022;28:34–54.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Beach RL, Kaplan PW. Chapter 15 seizures in pregnancy. In: Int Rev Neurobiol. 2008. p. 259–71.
Tremblay E, Thérasse E, Thomassin-Naggara I, Trop I. Quality initiatives: guidelines for use of medical imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Radiographics. 2012;32:897–911.
Sarmast ST, Abdullahi AM, Jahan N. Current classification of seizures and epilepsies: scope, limitations and recommendations for future action. Cureus. 2020. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10549.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55:475–82.
de Oliveira Marreiros DJ, Lokhorst MM, Horbach SE, Stor ML, van Hout N, Gerdes VE, Ganzevoort W, van der Horst CM. Complications of pregnancy and birth in women with vascular malformations: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BJOG: Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2026;133:1493–1501
Tleubergenov MA, Zhamoldin DK, Baymukhanov DS, Omarova AS, Ryskeldiyev NA, Doskaliyev A, et al. Brain tumors in pregnancy: a review of pathophysiology, clinical management, and ethical dilemmas. Cancers (Basel). 2025;17:3854.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Almannai M, Al Mahmoud RA, Mekki M, El-Hattab AW. Metabolic seizures. Front Neurol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.640371.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(6):e237-60. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000003891.
Hauspurg A, Jeyabalan A. Postpartum preeclampsia or eclampsia: defining its place and management among the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.027.
Fishel Bartal M, Sibai BM. Eclampsia in the 21st century. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.037.
Melikova S, Bagirova H, Magalov S. New-onset epilepsy in pregnant women: clinical features and delivery outcomes. Seizure. 2020;81:138–44.
Pandit MV, Frishman WH. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a review of pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches. Cardiol Rev. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1097/crd.0000000000000853.
Edlow JA, Caplan LR, O’Brien K, Tibbles CD. Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:175–85.
Crocker CE, Pohlmann-Eden B, Schmidt MH. Role of neuroimaging in first seizure diagnosis. Seizure. 2017;49:74–8.
(2017) Committee Opinion: Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. In: American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology . https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/10/guidelines-for-diagnostic-imaging-during-pregnancy-and-lactation. Accessed 15 May 2026
Alghamdi SA. Gadolinium-based contrast agents in pregnant women: a literature review of MRI safety. Cureus. 2023. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.38493.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Olie SE, van Zeggeren IE, ter Horst L, et al. Seizures in adults with suspected central nervous system infection. BMC Neurol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-022-02927-4.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rajiv KR, Radhakrishnan A. Status epilepticus in pregnancy – can we frame a uniform treatment protocol? Epilepsy Behav. 2019;101:106376.
Roberti R, Rocca M, Iannone LF, et al. Status epilepticus in pregnancy: a literature review and a protocol proposal. Expert Rev Neurother. 2022;22:301–12.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pack AM, Oskoui M, Roberson SW, et al. Teratogenesis, perinatal, and neurodevelopmental outcomes after in utero exposure to antiseizure medication. Epilepsy Curr. 2025;26:64–84.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hernandez-Diaz S, Quinn M, Conant S, et al. Use of antiseizure medications early in pregnancy and the risk of major malformations in the newborn. Neurology. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000213786.
Hoeltzenbein M, Slimi S, Fietz AK, Stegherr R, Onken M, Beyersmann J, et al. Increasing use of newer antiseizure medication during pregnancy: an observational study with special focus on lacosamide. Seizure. 2023;107:107–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2023.02.015.
Perucca P, Bourikas D, Voinescu PE, Vadlamudi L, Chellun D, Kumke T, et al. Lacosamide and pregnancy: Data from spontaneous and solicited reports. Epilepsia. 2024;65(5):1275–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17924.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Straub L, Hernandez-Diaz S, Bateman BT, et al. Prenatal antiseizure drug exposure and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-085725.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Błaszczyk B, Miziak B, Pluta R, Czuczwar SJ. Epilepsy in pregnancy—management principles and focus on valproate. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:1369.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mazzone PP, Hogg KM, Weir CJ, Stephen J, Bhattacharya S, Chin RF. Comparison of perinatal outcomes for women with and without epilepsy. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80:484.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Razaz N, Igland J, Bjørk M-H, et al. Risk of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality among pregnant women with epilepsy. JAMA Neurol. 2024;81:985.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Razaz N, Tomson T, Wikström A-K, Cnattingius S. Association between pregnancy and perinatal outcomes among women with epilepsy. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74:983.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Olalere O, Tariq S, Ajijola O, et al. Associations between epileptic seizures in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004580.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bromley R, Adab N, Bluett-Duncan M, et al. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd010224.pub3.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bjørk MH, Cukiert C, Nucera B, Bromley RL. Management of reproductive risks in people with epilepsy. Lancet Neurol. 2025;24:601–13.
Kanner AM, Bicchi MM. Antiseizure medications for adults with epilepsy. JAMA. 2022;327:1269.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zeytin Demiral G, Betaş Akın S, Kayacık Günday Ö, Şahbaz FG, Türk Börü Ü. Maternal and fetal outcomes of antiepileptic treatments during pregnancy: a retrospective study. Epilepsy Behav. 2024;158:109937.
Cerulli Irelli E, Cocchi E, Morano A, et al. Predictors of seizure recurrence in women with idiopathic generalized epilepsy who switch from valproate to another medication. Neurology. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000209222.
Comments (0)